1.1 Introduction
A sedentary lifestyle is defined as a type of lifestyle characterized by a low level of physical activity, where individuals engage in prolonged periods of sitting or reclining with minimal energy expenditure (Owen et al., 2010). The reliance on computers, paperwork, and other office-related tasks contributes to prolonged immobility, which adversely affects overall health and predisposes individuals to various musculoskeletal complications (Adeyemi & Oladipo, 2021).
Spinal deformities refer to abnormal curvatures or misalignments of the spine, including conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which may result from genetic, developmental, or lifestyle-related factors (Smith et al., 2019). The human spine relies on a balance of muscle strength, posture, and flexibility to maintain proper alignment. However, a sedentary lifestyle is is implicated in weakening the core and back muscles, reducing spinal flexibility, and promoting poor posture, all of which increase the risk of developing spinal deformities over time (Johnson & Brown, 2020).
This chapter introduces the research by reviewing the background that informed the study, identifying the issues that led to its formulation, and outlining the aim and objectives. It also explains the study's significance, defines its scope, presents the research questions and hypotheses, addresses the limitations, and clarifies important terms used throughout the work.
1.2 Background of Study
A sedentary lifestyle has become a major public health concern globally, particularly among office-based workers whose occupational activities involve prolonged periods of sitting. According to Owen, Healy, Matthews, and Dunstan (2010), sedentary behavior is characterized by low energy expenditure while sitting or reclining, and it has been linked to numerous health complications, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and musculoskeletal disorders. This modern pattern of inactivity is reported to affect the structural integrity of the musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine, increasing the risk of spinal deformities over time.
In the context of Nigeria, civil servants are especially vulnerable to the effects of prolonged sedentary behavior due to the nature of their work, which often requires extended hours at desks with minimal physical activity. Johnson and Brown (2020) asserted that office workers who remain seated for long periods without regular breaks are more likely to develop postural problems, including scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Similarly, Adeyemi and Oladipo (2021) stated that the lack of awareness of proper ergonomic practices and preventive exercises among Nigerian workers contributes significantly to the onset of spinal-related health issues.
Ogunleye, Adebayo, and Ekundayo (2018) affirmed that prolonged sitting is associated with reduced spinal flexibility, muscle weakness, and increased musculoskeletal discomfort, which collectively predispose individuals to spinal deformities. On the other hand, Smith, Hamer, and Cooper (2019) contend that while sedentary lifestyles are widespread, there is limited empirical data in the Nigerian context, particularly among Lagos State civil servants, detailing the correlation between physical inactivity and spinal health. This gap in research highlights the need for focused studies that can provide insights into preventive measures and workplace wellness strategies.
The problem is compounded by the limited implementation of ergonomic workplace designs, regular health screenings, and structured physical activity programs in government offices. According to Adeyemi and Oladipo (2021), the absence of such interventions exacerbates the impact of sedentary behavior on spinal health and overall productivity of civil servants. Additionally, the social and economic implications of spinal deformities, including reduced work efficiency, and increased healthcare costs, further underscore the importance of addressing this issue at both individual and organizational levels. This study is set against the backdrop of increasing concerns about sedentary lifestyles and their negative impact on spinal health among Lagos State civil servants
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that the sedentary nature of office work is implicated in the weakening of core muscles, and reduced spinal flexibility, which are key factors that contribute to the development of spinal deformities over time. In addition, civil servants often lack adequate awareness of proper ergonomic practices or the importance of regular physical activity in maintaining spinal health (Johnson & Brown, 2020).
On the other hand, there is limited empirical research in Nigeria, particularly among Lagos State civil servants, that specifically examines the relationship between sedentary lifestyles and spinal deformities, leaving a significant knowledge gap in understanding the extent and impact of this problem.
Furthermore, prolonged sitting during office hours is is linked to musculoskeletal discomfort, fatigue, and decreased work efficiency, which may have broader implications for both individual well-being and organizational productivity (Ogunleye et al., 2018). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate the correlation between sedentary lifestyle and spinal deformities among civil servants in Lagos State.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between sedentary lifestyle and spinal deformities among Lagos State civil servants. The objectives of the study include:
- To assess the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle among Lagos State civil servants.
- To evaluate the incidence of spinal deformities among civil servants.
- To examine the relationship between the duration of sedentary behavior and spinal health.
- To identify the awareness and practice of ergonomic measures among civil servants.
- To recommend strategies for reducing the risk of spinal deformities in the workplace.
1.5 Research Questions
Based on the stated objectives, this study seeks to answer the following research questions:
- What is the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle among Lagos State civil servants?
- What is the incidence of spinal deformities among Lagos State civil servants?
- How does the duration of sedentary behavior relate to spinal health?
- What is the level of awareness and practice of ergonomic measures among civil servants?
- What strategies can be implemented to reduce the risk of spinal deformities in the workplace?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
Based on the stated objectives, the research study formulates the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis One
- H0: There is no significant correlation between sedentary lifestyle and spinal deformities among Lagos State civil servants
- H1: There is a significant correlation between sedentary lifestyle and spinal deformities among Lagos State civil servants
1.7 Significance of Study
The outcome of this research will inform workplace policies, improve employee health awareness, and guide interventions that promote better postural practices and physical activity. The research will also inform public health policies and occupational health regulations, ensuring safer and healthier workplaces.
Additionally, the study will educate civil servants on the importance of regular physical activity and ergonomics, helping to prevent spinal deformities. The study will also educate civil servants on the importance of regular physical activity and ergonomics, helping to prevent spinal deformities.
Furthermore, the findings will guide workplace policy adjustments, ergonomic office design, and employee wellness programs. In addition, the study will provide data to aid preventive strategies and early intervention for musculoskeletal health issues.
Lastly, this research will expand the body of knowledge on sedentary behavior and spinal deformities in Nigerian office settings.
1.8 Scope of Study
The study covers Lagos State civil servants, focusing on their work habits, sedentary behavior, and spinal health. The scope is restricted to office-based employees, excluding field staff or non-civil service populations.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
A study of this nature is bound to experience certain problems as such the constraints imposed on the research include:
- Time Constraints: A study of this nature needs relatively long time during which information for accurate or at least near accurate inference could be drawn. The period of the study was short, time posed as constraints to the research.
- Financial Constraints: The research would have extended the survey to other area at the empirical level, but limitation as included cost of transportation to the source of material and the cost of time setting of the already completed work.
- Lack of Cooperation: Many of the respondents are usually aggressive on issue that border cooperation among the respondents border.
- Response Bias: The study will involve surveys and interviews with cooperative managers and members. Response bias may occur if respondents provide socially desirable answers or if there is reluctance to disclose negative financial information due to privacy concerns or fear of repercussions.
1.10 Definition of Terms
Sedentary Lifestyle: A way of living characterized by minimal physical activity and extended periods of sitting or inactivity (Owen, Healy, Matthews, & Dunstan, 2010). In this study, it refers to the prolonged desk-bound activities of Lagos State civil servants.
Spinal Deformities: Abnormal curvatures or misalignments of the spine, including scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which affect posture and musculoskeletal health (Smith, Hamer, & Cooper, 2019).
Civil Servants: Individuals employed by government ministries, agencies, or parastatals, typically engaged in administrative or office-based work (Adeyemi & Oladipo, 2021).
Ergonomics: The science of designing workstations, furniture, and workflows to fit the worker and prevent injury (Johnson & Brown, 2020).
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Health conditions affecting muscles, bones, and joints, often caused by repetitive strain or prolonged inactivity (Ogunleye, Adebayo, & Ekundayo, 2018).
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