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Design and Construction of Multipurpose Maize Thresher

Design and Construction of Multi-purpose Maize Thresher

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Reference ID: PS-23628-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "Design and Construction of Multi-purpose Maize Thresher" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Mechanical Engineering, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.


Design and Construction of Multi-purpose Maize Thresher

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Background of Study
  • 1.3 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
  • 1.5 Significance of Study
  • 1.6 Scope of Study
  • 1.7 Limitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Brief History of a Corn Threshing Machine
  • 2.3 Farming Process
  • 2.4 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.4 The Features of Multi-Purpose Thresher
  • 2.6 Advantages of Corn Sheller Machine
  • 2.7 Corn Peeler Thresher Machine

CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN ANALYSIS

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 The Hopper
  • 3.3 Calculation of the Overall Height
  • 3.4 The Main Frame
  • 3.5 The Threshing Bars
  • 3.6 Design considerations
  • 3.7 Information Communication Strategy

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Shaft Design
  • 4.3 Calculation of the Shearing Force and Bending Moment of the Shaft at Different Sections of the Shaft
  • 4.4 Force Required Threshing Maize along the Length of the Threshing Bars
  • 4.5 The Prime Mover
  • 4.6 Pulley of Multi-Purpose Maize Thresher
  • 4.7 Design Calculation and Results
  • 4.8 Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

ABSTRACT

Multi-purpose maize thresher operates as a maize separator from their chaff and other seed crops. A machine for corn threshing is highly and greatly needed to consistency of usage of corn in local and international levels. With regards to this indispensable needs, a corn threshing machine is designed which operates to remove the corn grains and leaving the cobs intact. In attainment to this design objective and aims, a proper considerations was given to the machinability factor which includes installation, simplification, durability, choice material, machine, low costly and prolonged life span when operate with high utilization with minimal down fine. The design details are given which includes such items as materials and their characteristic adaptation methodology, the part relation with the whole device and the effect of the finished product upon which an inquisitive mine can make collection of fact in future which related to this project.


Design and Construction of Multi-purpose Maize Thresher

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Multi-purpose maize thresher operates as a maize separator from their chaff and other seed crops. Multifunctional thresher is used to thresh many different sizes of crops such as maize, beans, sorghum, millet, and it is equipped with high capacity. Grains, according to Okaka (1997) are fruits of cultivated grasses belonging to the monocotyledonous family, Gramineae.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.


1.2 Background of Study

The principal cereal grains of the world include wheat, barely, rye, sorghum, rice and maize. The last has become a popular staple in West Africa. Maize is world’s most versatile seed crop. Its cultivation originated from Europe but was soon brought to Africa by explorers early in the sixteenth century. Within hundreds of years, it was well established as a staple food in areas around the north and south shores of Mediterranean Sea. In later years, maize cultivation spread widely into Africa down to Nigeria as well as many parts of Asia all at the same span of time. Its production in the southern states of the United States of America also expanded greatly just as it was in Africa and Asia (Adaokoma 2001). The use of sticks for threshing was predominant in the pre-historic era. In Egypt, livestock was earlier employed for threshing out grains after which it was winnowed. In Palestine, threshing sledge was used 3,000 years earlier. In Nigeria, maize was threshed originally by bare hands. Other popular method was the use of pestle and mortar. This method is still used in the rural areas today. The above methods became unsatisfactory because of their low output, tediousness and their requirement of extra strength. According to Kaul and Egbo (1985), the performance of a thresher depends upon its size, cylinder speed, cylinder concave clearance, fan speed and the sieve shaker speed. Oni and Ali (1986) reported that the factors influencing thresh ability of maize in Nigeria are field drying, maize varieties, ear size cylinder speed and feed rate. The properties of the crop that affect the thresher performance are crop variety, shape and size, hardness of the seed, the moisture content of the seed and the density.

In later years, maize cultivation spread widely into Africa down to Nigeria as well as many parts of Asia all at the same span of time. Its production in the southern states of the United States of America also expanded greatly just as it was in Africa and Asia (Adaokoma 2001). The use of sticks for threshing was predominant in the pre-historic era. In Egypt, livestock was earlier employed for threshing out grains after which it was winnowed. In Palestine, threshing sledge was used 3,000 years earlier. In Nigeria, maize was threshed originally by bare hands. Other popular method was the use of pestle and mortar (www journal .au. edu).

This method is still used in the rural areas today. The above methods became unsatisfactory because of their low output, tediousness and their requirement of extra strength. According to Kaul and Egbo (1985), the performance of a thresher depends upon its size, cylinder speed, cylinder concave clearance, fan speed and the sieve shaker speed. Oni and Ali (1986) reported that the factors influencing thresh ability of maize in Nigeria are field drying, maize varieties, ear size cylinder speed and feed rate. The properties of the crop that affect the thresher performance are crop variety, shape and size, hardness of the seed, the moisture content of the seed and the density.

The major steps involved in the processing of maize are harvesting, drying, de-husking, shelling, storing, and milling. For the rural farmers to maximize profit from their maize, appropriate technology that suites their needs must be used. The processing of agricultural products like maize into quality forms not only prolongs the useful life of these products, but increases the net profit farmers make from mechanization technologies such products. One of the most important processing operations done to bring out the quality of maize is shelling or threshing of maize.

In Nigeria, maize constitutes the staple food of large chunk of the populace. It is also responsible for about 60% by weight of most of livestock feed formulations. Peasant farmers are responsible for more than 70% of the maize produced annually while large scale commercial farmers constitute the remaining 30% (Adewumi, 2004). The problems of post harvest processing and storage of agricultural produce are well documented and various approaches are being employed in tackling it. For maize, one of its post harvest challenges is shelling. Kaul and Egbo, 1985 reported that maize harvested are traditionally shelled by hand or by beating sacs stuffed with maize cobs with wooden flails.

These traditional methods of shelling maize are time wasting, hazardous and associated with lots of drudgery. They also described shelling as a process of repeated pounding or dragging of plant mass over a surface through an aperture. Akubuo, 2003 described the use of pestle and mortar as a process by which the dry maize is put into the mortar and pestle is used to hit the maize with impact forces. A considerable quantity of shelling is achieved per time but the amount of grain damage is high with low cleaning efficiency (Ologunagba, 2003).

There have been various means of shelling starting from the traditional pestle and mortar to the various mechanical and electro-mechanical devices. The use of ‘cone' sheller was reported by Kaul and Egbo, (1985), the sheller consists of a cone with three to four lines of serrated ribs. The dehusked cob is rotated in the cone by one hand while the Sheller is held in the other hand rotating the cob against the internal rib of the Sheller to detach the grain from the cob. Adewale, et al (2002) and Adegbulugbe, (2000) established that shelling process is a function of moisture content.

It is easier to shell maize dry than wet. Adewale et al (2002) also reported that the local techniques of shelling and winnowing of shelled maize is grossly inefficient judging by the serious bruises encountered by the crops. There are many types of maize shellers, but the motorized shellers are either imported or locally fabricated by local welders who have no knowledge of both the machine and crop parameters suitable for optimum performance of the shelling machines (Adewumi, 2004). Maize can also be dehusked and shelled but this is with a lot of kernel damage at the end of the processing operation (Adesuyi, 1983). Other types of devices used for shelling mechanism are cross flow rasp bar, axial flow rasp bar and spike tooth cylinder. A spike tooth cylinder is more positive in feeding than rasp bar cylinders with the added advantage that, it does not plug in easily. While rasp bars are easier to adjust and monitor and are relatively simple to operate and durable. The efficiency of shelling machines varies from one machine to the other as affected by some factors like the crop moisture content, feeding rate, shelling mechanism and the concave cylinder clearance (Adewale et al, 2002).


1.3 Statement of the Problem

Traditional shelling methods do not support large-scale shelling of maize, especially for commercial purposes. Locally in Nigeria, the region that is the highest producer of Maize is the northern part of the country. It was observed that most shelling of maize was done by hand shelling. Hand shelling take a lot of time, even with some hand operated simple tools. It was also observed in the study area, Nasarawa State, most mechanical shellers were designed for multi-grain threshing or shelling, which causes great damage to the maize seeds besides breaking the cob to pieces.

The available shellers locally, were equipped with rotating threshing drum with beaters or teeth, which cause damages to the seed. Besides, the cost of purchasing such shellers were high for the poor rural farmer and therefore necessitated the design of low cost system that will be affordable and also, increase threshing efficiency with reduced damage done to the seed.


1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to design, construct, test a low-cost multipurpose maize thresher, evaluate the efficiency of the maize sheller, and use the maize sheller in establishing an agro-processing centre for rural farmers. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To improve the aesthetical standard as compared with other locally made corn threshing machine.
  2. To reduce the hardship encountered by people who cannot afford the cost of buying an imported threshing machine.
  3. To have a more sophisticated and integrated corn threshing machine that can compete favourably with imported ones.
  4. To minimize the farmers' cost of securing labourers for manual corn threshing
  5. To aid farmers make their produce available for people's consumption and company use and on time too.

1.5 Significance of Study

Many farmers grow maize but could not afford the cost of acquiring some of the imported threshing machines because of their cost, and such people resort to manual means of threshing which results into low efficiency. This work is necessary as it was aimed at constructing the machine that shells maize and separates the cob from the grains. Since the machine was constructed from locally available materials and its cost is very low and affordable, farmers can now adopt this kind of machine for their farming improvement.


1.6 Scope of Study

This project involves the design and construction of a system with a hopper which is designed to be fed in a vertical position and the shaft design which has a threshing tool attached to it (by welding) at two opposing sides and a pulley mounted on it, which is used for threshing of corn effectively.

The work includes feasibility studies, planning, design, applying related calculation, material selection and procurement constructional analysis and preparation of components of the threshing and subsequent assembly.

Besides, the study will serve as reference material for subsequent researcher in the field or related topics.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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