1.1 Introduction
Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor that originates from the breast tissue, commonly from the inner lining of the milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk (American Cancer Society, 2021). It is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide and represents a significant public health burden. Breast cancer among women of childbearing age is particularly concerning, as it strikes during the most productive years of life, often between the ages of 15 and 49, when women are expected to pursue careers, raise families, and contribute actively to the socio-economic development of society (Globocan, 2020).
The incidence of breast cancer in younger women is lower compared to older age groups, yet its impact is profound due to the unique biological, psychological, and social implications associated with the reproductive stage of life. Women in their reproductive years diagnosed with breast cancer face challenges such as disruption of fertility plans, treatment-related infertility, premature menopause, and heightened emotional distress (Partridge et al., 2016). As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of the Study
Over the years, breast cancer as a recognized disease dates back thousands of years, with some of the earliest documented cases recorded in ancient Egypt. According to Hajdu and Thun (2013), the Edwin Smith Papyrus, dating around 3000–2500 BC, described breast tumors as “bulging masses in the breast” for which no treatment was available. Hajdu (2011) reported that surgical interventions, including mastectomy, were introduced as early as the 18th century, although these procedures were often performed without anesthesia and had high mortality rates. The discovery of anesthesia in the mid-19th century and antiseptic techniques improved surgical outcomes, laying the foundation for more advanced cancer treatments.
Breast cancer remains one of the most common malignancies affecting women globally and is increasingly recognized as a critical public health challenge, particularly for women within their reproductive years. According to the World Health Organization (2021), breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, accounting for one in every four cancer cases. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (Globocan, 2020) reported that breast cancer is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries where access to healthcare is limited, and cases are often diagnosed at advanced stages.
In the Nigerian context, Adebamowo and Ajayi (2000) asserted that breast cancer is the leading malignancy among women and continues to account for a large proportion of cancer-related deaths due to late presentation and inadequate healthcare facilities. Jedy-Agba et al. (2020) affirmed that unlike in developed countries where survival rates have improved due to advancements in screening and treatment, many African women, including those in Nigeria, contend with delayed diagnosis, poor health-seeking behavior, and lack of effective treatment infrastructure, which severely reduces survival outcomes.
Women of childbearing age face unique challenges when diagnosed with breast cancer. Partridge et al. (2016) stated that treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy, while necessary for survival, often disrupt fertility, induce premature menopause, and create uncertainty around future reproductive capacity. Okobia et al. (2018) reported that cultural beliefs, stigma, and lack of awareness remain significant barriers to early detection and timely treatment, as many women are reluctant to seek medical attention until symptoms become severe. This delay increases the likelihood of late-stage presentation and poor prognosis.
Beyond the medical dimension, breast cancer exerts heavy psychosocial and economic burdens. According to Globocan (2020), women in their reproductive years are typically in the prime of their professional and family lives, and the disease undermines their ability to contribute to household income and community development. The American Cancer Society (2021) contended that the psychological toll of breast cancer in young women is amplified by anxieties over infertility, body image, and marital instability, especially in societies where childbearing is strongly tied to a woman’s social identity.
In African societies, motherhood and fertility are central to women’s roles and social acceptance. Okobia et al. (2018) affirmed that women who experience infertility or delay in childbearing due to cancer treatment often face stigmatization, marital conflict, and diminished self-worth. This study is set against the backdrop of these health, social, economic, and cultural challenges.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that breast cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women globally, and its prevalence among younger women has become a growing issue in both developed and developing countries. In Nigeria and other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the challenge is even more pronounced due to late presentation, limited awareness, and poor access to healthcare facilities. The problem is not only the disease itself but also the multiple layers of burden it places on women who are expected to balance family responsibilities, reproductive aspirations, and career development during their most productive years (Jedy-Agba et al., 2020).
Additionally, the stigma and social discrimination that sometimes accompany cancer diagnosis is devastating for young women who are still building their identities within family and society. On the other hand, the limited psychosocial support systems available in many communities make coping with the disease and its consequences even more difficult (Okobia et al., 2018).
Furthermore, women in this age group often contribute actively to household income and family wellbeing, but the costs of treatment, loss of productivity, and long-term health complications strain families and communities. The inability to meet financial demands of care not only affects treatment outcomes but also deepens poverty in already vulnerable households (Globocan, 2020). It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to examine the effect of breast cancer on women of childbearing age.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to critically examine the effect of breast cancer on women of childbearing age. The specific objectives of this study include:
- To assess the reproductive health challenges faced by women of childbearing age diagnosed with breast cancer.
- To examine the psychological and emotional impact of breast cancer on women of reproductive age.
- To evaluate the economic and social implications of breast cancer on families and communities.
- To determine the level of awareness and knowledge of early detection and prevention strategies among women of childbearing age.
- To identify the coping mechanisms and support systems available to women of childbearing age with breast cancer.
1.5 Research Questions
Based on the stated objectives, the study will address the following research questions:
- What reproductive health challenges are experienced by women of childbearing age diagnosed with breast cancer?
- How does breast cancer affect the psychological and emotional wellbeing of women in their reproductive years?
- What are the economic and social implications of breast cancer on families and communities?
- What is the level of awareness and knowledge of early detection and prevention strategies among women of childbearing age?
- What coping mechanisms and support systems are available to women of childbearing age diagnosed with breast cancer?
1.6 Significance of the Study
The outcome of this research will serve as an important resource in shaping policies that promote early detection, affordable treatment, and comprehensive support systems for young women with breast cancer. It will also encourage the integration of reproductive health considerations into cancer management, ensuring that affected women are not denied the opportunity of motherhood or a fulfilling life after treatment.
Furthermore, communities and families will benefit from this research, as the findings will accentuate the importance of support systems in helping young women cope with the disease’s physical, emotional, and economic challenges.
In addition, non-governmental organizations and advocacy groups will equally benefit, by equipping them with reliable data to strengthen awareness campaigns, reduce stigma, and mobilize resources for breast cancer prevention and care.
Lastly, the study will empower women of childbearing age with knowledge that will encourage proactive health-seeking behavior, improve their understanding of breast cancer risks, and enhance their willingness to engage in preventive practices such as self-examination and routine screening.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of this research is focused on the effect of breast cancer on women of childbearing age at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). The scope will include examining reproductive health challenges, psychosocial effects, awareness levels, and the economic implications of breast cancer on affected women and their families.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
A study of this nature is bound to experience certain problems as such the constraints imposed on the research include:
- Time Constraints: A study of this nature needs relatively long time during which information for accurate or at least near accurate inference could be drawn. The period of the study was short, time posed as constraints to the research.
- Financial Constraints: The research would have extended the survey to other area at the empirical level, but limitation as included cost of transportation to the source of material and the cost of time setting of the already completed work.
- Lack of Cooperation: Many of the respondents are usually aggressive on issue that border cooperation among the respondents border.
- Response Bias: The study will involve surveys and interviews with cooperative managers and members. Response bias may occur if respondents provide socially desirable answers or if there is reluctance to disclose negative financial information due to privacy concerns or fear of repercussions.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Breast Cancer:
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the breast cells, often in the ducts or lobules, and has the potential to spread to other parts of the body (American Cancer Society, 2021).
Childbearing Age:
Childbearing age refers to the reproductive years of a woman, usually between 15 and 49 years, when she is biologically capable of conceiving and giving birth (World Health Organization, 2021).
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