The Effect of Information Communication Technology on Academic Achievement

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into education has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Historically, education was primarily delivered through face-to-face interactions, with limited reliance on technology. However, with the rapid development of digital technologies in the late 20th century, the role of ICT in education began to emerge as a powerful tool for enhancing learning experiences. In the early stages according to Becta (2004), the use of ICT in education was largely confined to administrative functions, such as record keeping and scheduling. However, as the potential of the internet, multimedia tools, and educational software became apparent, educators began exploring ICT's role in improving teaching methods and student outcomes (Becta, 2004).

The rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought significant changes to various sectors, including education. ICT is a broad term that encompasses technologies used for managing and communicating information through the internet, computers, mobile devices, and other digital tools (UNESCO, 2019). In recent years, the educational sector has witnessed an increasing integration of ICT tools to enhance both teaching and learning processes. The use of ICT in the classroom is no longer a luxury but a necessity for modern educational practices.

Tella et al. (2007) asserted that ICT provides numerous advantages, including access to global information, virtual learning environments, multimedia content, and online collaboration tools. These resources foster interactive learning, improve the accessibility of educational materials, and promote individualized learning experiences (Tella et al., 2007). The introduction of ICT into the academic environment has been linked to improved student engagement, motivation, and overall academic performance (Yusuf, 2005). Students who use ICT tools tend to develop better problem-solving and critical thinking skills, which are essential for academic success.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as defined by UNESCO (2019) refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies, which include the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, satellite systems, and other communication mediums (UNESCO, 2019).

According to Tella et al. (2007), the integration of ICT in education has revolutionized how knowledge is delivered and accessed. It plays a significant role in enhancing academic achievement by providing students with opportunities to learn in more flexible and innovative ways. Through multimedia tools, virtual learning environments, and access to a vast range of online educational content, ICT has the potential to improve students' understanding, engagement, and academic performance (Tella et al., 2007). Furthermore, the academic environment in the 21st century is increasingly dependent on ICT tools for effective teaching and learning. Research has shown that students who are exposed to ICT resources tend to perform better academically compared to those who rely solely on traditional methods of learning (Yusuf, 2005).

Therefore, this research aims to explore the effects of poor sanitation on public health and the environment

1.2 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that poor sanitation remains a critical issue affecting both public health and the environment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite growing awareness and international commitments, millions of people still lack access to safe toilets, clean water, and proper waste disposal systems (WHO, 2020). It is alarming that something as fundamental as access to clean sanitation continues to endanger lives, especially those of children under the age of five, who are disproportionately affected by sanitation-related illnesses (UNICEF, 2019).

The problem of poor sanitation is not just about the absence of toilets or drainage systems it is about the daily health risks people are forced to live with. In many communities, open defecation is still a norm due to lack of facilities, contaminating water bodies and increasing exposure to life-threatening infections. Unsafe sanitation practices are also known to affect women's dignity and safety, especially in areas without private sanitation facilities (UNICEF, 2020).

Furthermore, many governments struggle with the implementation and maintenance of sanitation systems, and in some cases, the lack of political will worsens the situation. The problem is not only technical or financial but also cultural and behavioral. Changing attitudes toward sanitation, along with providing education and accessible infrastructure, is essential for meaningful progress. It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to address these problems by assessing how the use of ICT tools influences student performance and learning outcomes, considering various factors such as infrastructure, teacher training, and student engagement with technology.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on academic achievement in educational institutions.

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To evaluate the impact of ICT tools on the academic performance of students in different educational settings.
2. To identify the key factors that influence the effective integration of ICT in teaching and learning processes.
3. To assess the relationship between ICT access and student engagement in learning activities.
4. To examine the challenges faced by educators and students in utilizing ICT for academic purposes.
5. To explore the role of teacher training and readiness in enhancing the effectiveness of ICT use in the classroom.
6. To propose strategies for improving the implementation and use of ICT in education to maximize its impact on academic achievement.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the stated objectives, the following research questions guide this study on the effect of information communication technology on academic achievement:

• How does the use of ICT tools influence the academic performance of students in different educational settings?
• What are the key factors that contribute to the effective integration of ICT in teaching and learning processes?
• How does access to ICT affect student engagement in learning activities?
• What challenges do educators and students face in utilizing ICT for academic purposes?
• What role does teacher training and readiness play in enhancing the effectiveness of ICT in the classroom?
• What strategies can be proposed to improve the implementation and use of ICT in education to maximize its impact on academic achievement?

1.5 Significance of Study

The outcomes of this study will be beneficial for educational institutions, governments, and other stakeholders who seek to leverage technology to improve learning outcomes, promote digital literacy, and ensure that students are better prepared for the challenges of a technology-driven world.

This research study will also guide the development of strategies and recommendations for improving ICT integration in educational institutions, which will ultimately enhance the learning experience and academic performance of students.

Furthermore, the study will contribute to identifying the key factors that facilitate or hinder the successful use of information communication technology in classrooms, such as infrastructure, teacher preparedness, and student engagement.

1.6 Scope of Study

This study will focus on the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on academic achievement within secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. The research will examine both public and private secondary schools to compare the usage and effectiveness of ICT tools in enhancing student academic performance.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:

1. Delay from Respondents: There were delays in receiving responses from some of the respondents, particularly teachers and students. Some of them were not able to provide timely feedback due to their busy schedules or lack of access to the necessary resources, which resulted in a delay in completing the study within the intended timeframe.
2. Financial Constraints: The study was also limited by financial constraints, which affected the ability to expand the research to a larger number of schools or regions within Lagos State. Limited funding restricted the scope of data collection, such as conducting more in-depth interviews, surveys, or observations in a broader range of schools.
3. Time Constraints: Due to time limitations, the study was unable to explore the long-term effects of ICT on academic achievement. The research was confined to a shorter period, and the data collected primarily reflected immediate or short-term impacts rather than ongoing or sustained results.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Information and Communication Technology (ICT):

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to the diverse range of tools, systems, and resources used for managing and processing information. It includes technologies such as computers, the internet, software applications, and multimedia tools that facilitate communication, learning, and data management. ICT plays a pivotal role in modern education by providing access to digital resources and enhancing the learning environment (Sanni, 2020).

Academic Achievement:

Academic achievement refers to the level of success a student attains in their educational endeavors, typically measured through grades, test scores, or overall performance in academic subjects. In the context of this study, academic achievement will focus on student performance in key subjects such as mathematics, science, and languages, assessing the impact of ICT on these areas (Okoye & Ogunlade, 2019).

Teaching and Learning Process:

The teaching and learning process encompasses the methods, strategies, and interactions that occur between teachers and students within an educational setting. This process involves the delivery of content, the use of instructional materials, and the active engagement of students in acquiring knowledge and skills. ICT has increasingly become a central component in this process, offering interactive and engaging learning experiences (Ajayi, 2021).

Student Engagement:

Student engagement refers to the level of involvement, motivation, and interest that students exhibit in their learning activities. Engaged students actively participate in class discussions, complete assignments, and interact with educational content, both inside and outside the classroom. ICT tools have the potential to enhance student engagement by offering dynamic learning experiences (Zimmerman, 2020).

Digital Literacy:

Digital literacy refers to the ability to effectively use digital tools and platforms to access, analyze, and communicate information. It includes skills such as using computers, navigating the internet, and utilizing software applications for learning and problem-solving. In modern education, digital literacy is essential for students to succeed academically and in future careers (Sharma, 2020).