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Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao

Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-327-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Chemistry, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.


Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

  • 1.1 Background of the study
  • 1.2 Aims and objectives
  • 1.3 Significance of the study
  • 1.4 Scope of the study

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

  • 2.1 Theobroma cacao
  • 2.1.1 Overview
  • 2.1.2 Taxonomy and nomenclature
  • 2.1.3 History of cultivation
  • 2.2 Characterization and evaluation of Cocoa

CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods

  • 3.1 Experimental design
  • 3.2 Treatment of raw material
  • 3.3 Characterization of the cocoa pod husk
  • 3.4 Lignin extraction from cocoa pod husk
  • 3.5 Lignin characterization Lignin yield
  • 3.6 Determination of galacturonic acid content
  • 3.7 Determination of methoxyl content

CHAPTER FOUR: Results and Discussion

  • 4.1 Results
  • 4.2 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Conclusions

REFERENCES

ABSTRACT

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits are important commodity of economic value since the seeds or beans is used to produce high demand products such as cocoa powder, butter and chocolate. The processing of cocoa fruits generates a large amount of cocoa pod husk discard as wastes.

Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain lignin from cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.). Infrared spectrum results showed peaks of galacturonic acid functional groups, indicating the presence of lignin in the cocoa husk. In extraction stage was carried out acid hydrolysis with citric or acetic acid at different pH (2, 2.5 and 3), 90°C temperature and 90 minutes, and was evaluated its influence on yield, methoxyl and galacturonic acid content.

From the established extraction conditions, aqueous citric acid at pH 2.0 provided the highest yield and methoxyl content, 18.12% and 15.5% respectively. While the galacturonic acid content showed better results with acetic acid at pH 3 with an 83.1%. Finally, it was concluded that cocoa pod husks are suitable to obtain lignin, and a marked influence of the type of acid on response variables in the lignin extraction process was observed.


Extraction of Lignin From Cocoa Pod Husk Theobroma Cacao

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits are important commodity of economic value since the seeds or beans is used to produce high demand products such as cocoa powder, butter and chocolate. The processing of cocoa fruits generates a large amount of cocoa pod husk discard as wastes (Alemawor et al., 2009). Cocoa pod husk represents between 70 to 75% of the whole cocoa fruit weight where each ton of cocoa fruit will produce between 700 to 750 kg of cocoa pod husks (Cruz et al., 2012). In Malaysia, the plantation of cocoa is over 20,643 hectre (Malaysia Koko Board, 2011). Hence, it can be estimated at least 320,000 kg of cocoa pod husk is generated after processing. Conventionally, these organic wastes is shipped away for processing or disposed to landfill. These large quantities of cocoa pod husk could yield a large quantity of fibrous materials which might be suitable as alternative resources especially in pulp and paper making industries.

In order to maximize the utilization of organic wastes or non-wood fibres for pulp and paper production, a complete study of its chemical and morphological properties is required. In this context, the main objective of this work is to investigate the chemical compositions of cassava peels and cacao pod husks fibre used for pulp and papermaking industry. In addition, characterization of surface morphology in both non-wood fibres was also determined. The results obtained in this study could be utilised in assessing the agriculture wastes potential as raw materials for pulp and paper production industries.

Lignin found in cacao is high complex macromolecule linked together by different types of bonds, including alkyl-aryl, alkyl-alkyl and aryl-aryl ether bonds (Kumar et al., 2011). It obstructs enzymes from degradation associated with structural carbohydrates (Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2010). Therefore, prior treatment of lignocellulosicfeedstocks, to remove or denature lignin, is essential for achieving a high yield of fermentable sugars (Yang and Wyman, 2012; Carroll and Somerville, 2010). Plant by-products differ in monolignol constituents of lignin's and lignin chemistry can vary depending on its origin. The characterization of lignin is critical to the optimization of pre-treatment parameters in the cellulosic ethanol production process. It on this background that this study examines the extraction and characterization of lignin using cocoa (Theobromacacoa) pod husk.


1.2 Aims and objectives

The aim of the study is to extract lignin and to characterize the lignin extracted from the pod husk of cacao pod. Specific objectives are:

a) To quantify the amount of lignin content of cocao(Theobromacacoa) pod.

b) To investigate the proximate content of cocoa pod with respect to it ash content, moisture content, carbon content and surface area.

c) To characterize the lignin content of cocoa pod.


1.3 Significance of the study

The study is significant since it will quantify the amount of lignin present in cocoa pod and the proximate content of cocoa pod. The study will also highlight the characteristics of cocoa pod.


1.4 Scope of the study

The scope of the study covers the extraction and characterization of cocoa pod husk and proximate analysis of cocoa pod.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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