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Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material

Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Electrical / Electronics Engineering (EE) for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Semi-Conductor Material
  • 3.1 Intrinsic Semi-Conductor
  • 3.2 Extrinsic Semi-Conductor
  • 3.3 Doping of Semi-Conductor
  • 3.4 Carriers In Semi-Conductors
  • 3.5 How Silicon Makes A Solar Cell
  • 3.6 Operation of Photovoltaic Cell

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Conclusion
  • 4.1 Recommendation

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

Solar cell in other words called photovoltaic cell is the cell that generates electricity when light falls on it. As the word implies, photo means light, while voltaic means electricity. By the series and parallel electrically connection of these cells, a useful level of voltage and current can be achieved. When light falls on these cells, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semi-conductor materials (cells).

The energy of the absorbed light mobilizes the electrons. The inbuilt electric field in the cells which is as a result of the doping method in the cells i.e the existence of holes and electrons in the cells, then causes the electrons to flow in a certain direction which is current in ampere. And by placing a metal contact on the top bottom of the cells the current together with voltage is drawn which can be used externally.

This write-up explains how solar cell can be formed using semi-conductor, say silicon type of solar cell which has terminal voltage of about 0.6v.

  1. The chapter one gives a brief overview of what a semi-conductor material is, its conductivity and how it forms a solar cell (introductory part).
  2. Chapter two treats the literature review of the write-up. It gives the history of solar cell technology.
  3. Chapter three treats the main body of the write-up it explains how photovoltaic modules are made to achieve a useful level of voltage and current, the characteristics of a semi-conductor and their doping methods.
  4. Chapter four is the conclusion/summary part of this work. The overview of advantages and disadvantages of solar cell module are treated.

Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Formation of solar cell using semi-conductor material is the act of using a semi-conductor to build a cell that can generate electricity when light (photons) falls on it. in the field of electrical and electronics engineering a semi-conductor simply means those materials whose conductivity lies somewhere between that of pure conductors and insulators. They are neither good conductors nor good insulators at normal room temperature (25oc). They are insulators at very low temperatures and good conductors at high temperature.

The Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) elements are the most important semi-conductor used in electronics.

A pure type of semi-conductor without doping is called an intrinsic semi-conductor, while extrinsic semiconductor is the one with doping. Where doping is the intentional addition of impurities to semi-conductors so as to increase its conductivity. For instance using silicon. When a silicon is doped with boron the resulting type is P-type, while if with phosphorous the resulting type is N-type. Hence solar cell has two parts the N-type and P-type side. And without this electric field, the cell would not work and this field forms when the N-type and P-type silicon are in contact.

Hence the electrons form the N-type side will rush to fill up the hole in the P-type side. Then when light in form of photons falls on the solar cell the energy frees electrons-hole pairs, with the presence of the electric field the electrons are caused to flow in a particular direction. Hence electric current is provided and the cells electric filed causes a voltage flow. Therefore the product of this voltage and the current gives the power.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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Defense Procedure for Electrical / Electronics Engineering Researchers

In preparation for defending a project or seminar on Formation of Solar Cell Using Semi-Conductor Material, it is imperative that as a nursing student, you demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of your research. The defense process is structured to include presenting your work, answering questions, and illustrating its pertinence. Initially, provide a succinct yet thorough introduction to your research topic, emphasizing its importance and the objectives, ensuring that both the audience and the External Examiner can understand the scope of your study.

Prior to your defense, be thoroughly acquainted with your research abstract and the critical elements of Chapter One, including motivation for embarking on this research, problem statement, objectives, and significance. In Chapter Two, be ready to cite at least two references from the literature review. For Chapter Three, you should be equipped to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques utilized. In Chapter Four, defend your research by justifying the findings and linking them to your research objectives.

Conclude your defense by succinctly summarizing the study and offering insightful, evidence-based recommendations. A professional dress code, such as wearing a suit and tie, is vital to create a favorable impression and elevate your presentation.

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