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Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality

Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality

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Reference ID: PS-8564-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Environmental Science, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.


Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of a settlement. It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas. Due to uncontrolled urbanization in India, environmental degradation has been occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like land insecurity, worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise and the problems of waste disposal. Urbanization also refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change (National Library of Med, 2014). It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.


1.2 Background of Study

Rapid urban explosion is agreed to be the most complex and important socio-economic and environmental phenomenon that has emerged between the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (Kessides, 2005). Urbanization is understood in most cases as a shift from a predominantly rural society to an urban society which represents major irreversible changes in production and consumption and how people interact with nature (Allen, 2002). Discourses on urbanization have changed from an interactional debate towards focusing on how the urban environments and the entire urbanization process can be studied through a sustainability lens. By definition, urbanization can be stated as a process by which rural areas become urbanized as a result of economic development and industrialization (Peng et al, 2010).

The definition of urbanization can be based on the change in population or the change in the nature of towns and cities. With regards to demographic growth, the term urbanization explains the redistribution of populations from rural to urban settlements over a period of time (UNDESAPD, 2014:15). It is also vital to affirm that what is seen as the key indicators of an urban environment differ from one country to another. It therefore, is imperative to be cautious against the use of urbanization as a blanket term across all societies. It is also important to caution against a flagrant comparison of urbanization across various societies, given the nature of the disparity that exists between them (Nsiah-Gyabaah, 2005; UN-Habitat, 2007).

Peng et al., (2010) argues that the major difference between urban and rural environments is that urban environments are much larger, denser, and more heterogeneous societies as compared to rural environments which are much smaller, more sparsely separated, and possess less differentiated spaces. Urbanization is argued to be the outcome of social, economic, environmental and political development that leads to urban concentration and growth of 36 bigger cities, changes in the use of land and transformation from rural to metropolitan pattern of organization, governance and way of life (Nsiah-Gyabaah, 2005).

Contemporary globalization and urbanization is reproducing classic conditions historically associated with the emergence of infectious diseases and the periodically recurring pattern of epidemics and pandemics. The dynamics of contemporary globalization has contributed to various institutional gaps that make dealing with infectious diseases is increasing difficult and threaten concentrated human populations with potential calamity (Gibson and Gumer, 2012). Over the past few decades, there has been a rapid urbanization of the world's population.

According to Chilala (2015) rapid urbanization has significant repercussions on migrants' health. The increasing movement of people from rural to urban areas often alters the characteristic epidemiological disease profile of the country and at the same time new diseases appear or old ones remerges. Such is the case of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and recent case of Ebola and Lassa fever. Urbanization is also associated with changes in diet and exercise that increase the prevalence of obesity with increased risks of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

It has been emphasized that urbanization, and the concentration of human beings into new areas in particular, can bring exposure to new risk factors for large numbers of people. The growth of infectious and parasitic disease in some urban settings must therefore be recognized, as must the emergence of chronic diseases, with the concomitant need for investment in new types of health and social care. However, a number of constraints militate against the achievement of improved urban health, especially in developing countries (Ojogbe, 2002; Kotz, 2009; Salau, 2012).

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality.


1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that the impact on the environment is one of the major challenges posed by urbanisation in urban centres in Nigeria; this specifically relates to issues like ecological degradation, pollution, habitat loss, desertification, soil erosion, CO2 emissions, flooding, and other factors. These factors have other sets of sub-categories such as pollution (water, land, visual and noise), global warming, traffic congestion and slum development and so on (Idowu, 2013).

Other problems include poor waste management which causes diseases like typhoid, dysentery and malaria to spread fast. Most urban centres are known for large traffic congestion and the fumes from the exhaust pollute the atmosphere badly (Idowu, 2013). Cities are major contributors of Green House Gases (GHG). As a result, cities are increasingly witnessing the adverse effects of climate change arising from GHG emissions which could be reduced by paying more attention to the design, production and operation of buildings in urban areas (NUDP, 2012).

Finally, although urbanization is not inevitable, it is also beneficial to the economic development of cities in Nigeria which are major engines of growth and centres of political activities. The implications of Nigeria's rapid and unplanned urbanization are profound not just for the people living in cities and towns but more broadly for the Nigerian economy and indeed for peaceful political, social and environmental development. Promoting the development of the cities is therefore central to achieving socio-political stability, economic growth and environmental sustainability of the country. In addition, cities operate in the national human settlements system and there is the need to re-examine the linkages between the developments of rural areas and rural peoples and the growth of urban areas (NUDP, 2012; Idowu, 2013).


1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to examine the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To investigate the challenges of Urbanization on the health of the populace; and
  2. To examine the remedies in handling these challenges of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

  • Are there any remedies in handling these challenges of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality?
  • What are challenges of Urbanization on the health of the populace?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

  • H0: There are no significant challenges of Urbanization on the health of the populace
  • H1: There are significant challenges of Urbanization on the health of the populace

1.7 Significance of Study

The significance or needs of this research are as follows:

  1. The study will give relevant advice to the government as well as the people of Nigeria on the necessary steps to be taken to solve the problems of rural development and as well minimized rural – urban migration in the study area.
  2. It will also be helpful for future writers who might choose to write on similar topics.
  3. It will also be of help to town planning authorities in the study area concerned for use in connection with making decision bordering on the problems identified
  4. This study will stand a chance of literature review for further studies and an eye opener on the problems of rural areas and possible way out.

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.


1.8 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Health Quality in Nigeria.


1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
  2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
  3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
  4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.10 Definition of Terms

Rural Area: This is an area or land that is found outside the local, state and federal Government headquarters.

Strategy: A carefully devised plan of action to achieve a goal, or the art of developing or carrying out such a plan.

Urban Area: This is an area or land found within the headquarters of a local government, state government and federal capital territory.

Urbanization: Urbanization is defined as the shift of population from rural areas to cities, and the resulting growth of urban areas.

Environment: The physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism or a group of organisms, environment is everything that is around the individual host, it can be living or non - living things, living things live, interact and adapt to their environment.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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