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Acceptability and Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Part-Time StudentsProject / Seminar Material Reference ID: PS-405-TM |
This research work titled "Acceptability and Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Part-Time Students" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.
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I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Nursing (Science), Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research work for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.
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PRELIMINARY PAGES
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
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Cervical cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in developing countries. Hospital based data in Nepal also showed cervical cancer is most commonly occurring cancer among women in Nepal. Pap smear is the very significant screening test for reduction of incidence and mortality from cervical cancer and many developing countries failed to obtained high coverage of target population (Sherpa et al., 2015). Possible reasons for a low participation in cervical cancer screening include; ignorance of the existence of such test, ignorance of importance of screening or lack of risk awareness and the risk factors to the development of cervical cancer, absence of symptoms and lack of awareness of centers where such services are obtainable, and lack of motivation to get screened (Aniebue & Aniebue 2010).
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.
Cervical cancer is the most common malignancies among females worldwide especially in women of 20–39 years of age. Its contribution to cancer burden is significant across all cultures and economies. Cervical cancer also accounts for over 270,000 deaths worldwide, an overwhelming majority of which occur in the less developed regions (Imam, 2008). Globally there are over 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer annually and in excess of 270,000 deaths, accounting for 9% of female cancer deaths. 85% of cases occur in developing countries and in Africa (Campbell, 2008).
Cervical cancer remained the second leading cause of cancer deaths after breast cancer and the fifth most deadly cancer in women, accounting for approximately 10% of cancer deaths (Okonofua, 2007). The developing countries have carried a disproportionate share of the burden and 80 % of the 250,000 cervical cancer deaths in 2005 occurred there (WHO, 2007; Uysal & Birsel, 2009). Cervical cancer is the malignant cancer of cervix uteri or cervical area. This happens when normal cells in the cervix change into cancer cells (Arbyn, 2005). Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Sexually transmitted human papilloma virus infection leads to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer (Colgan, 2006).
Thus cervical cancer has been called “a case study in health equity” (WHO, 2008). Mortality rates climb as women enter their forties5. Two million seven hundred (2.7m) age weighted years of life were estimated to be lost to the disease in the year 20006. The biggest impact of high cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in developing countries are on poverty, education and gender equity the first three millennium development goals (Ferlay et al., 2004).
Cervical cancer morbidity and mortality result in huge economic costs over short and long terms. Family members incur overwhelming medical, transportation and other related costs while caring for women with cancer in addition to losing work opportunities (Chang et al., 2004). Reduction in family income due to the financial burden of cervical cancer may affect investment in human capita. As poverty increases, more children especially girls may not only be kept out of school, but also made to contribute to family income through child labour with attendant social, psychological and health consequences7. The teaching profession is dominated by women, cervical cancer can also impact on education when schools lose experienced teachers to the disease (Ferlay et al., 2004).
The differential economic and social impact on women and girls make it more difficult to achieve gender equity. It should be noted that lower levels of female education are linked to decreased maternal and infant health10 – the focus of two other millennium development goals (Ferlay et al., 2007).
The high morbidity and mortality caused by cervical cancer in poor nations of Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries if not prevented will greatly affect the attainment of millennium development goals related to poverty, education, gender equity, maternal and infant health, and sustainable development in low resource countries of the world (Ferlay et al., 2007).
Excess morbidity due to cervical cancer also contributes to increasing health care costs. Given the enormous cost of acute and supportive care of chronic conditions such as late-stage cervical cancer (Chang et al., 2004), which frequently presents in Nigeria, effective screening programmes offer a significantly better return on a community and country’s health investment (Chang et al., 2004).
Pap smear is considered the most successful cancer screening tool ever developed (Stoter, 2000). Much like childhood vaccinations, they are thought of as one of the preventive health victories of modern medicine (Stoter, 2000).
Cervical cancer is preventable by instituting cervical cytological screening and treatment of early lesions (UNAIDS et al., 2004). In countries where screening quality and coverage have been high, Papanicolaou screening (Pap test) has reduced invasive cervical cancer by about 70 – 90%14. Unfortunately, only 5% of women in developing countries undergo cervical cancer screening compared to 40 – 50% in the developed world (Gustatsson et al., 1997).
A former World Health Organisation (WHO) Secretary General, Gio Hartem Brundtland submits that all nations should prevent cervical cancer as an investment in humankind, national and global economy. It is an investment into the nations’ and families’ fortunes and future. The importance of the challenge posed by cancer was re-iterated by the World Health Assembly in 2005, in Resolution (Yeo et al., 2000).
Therefore, in University of Benin Female Students where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Knowledge and Acceptability of Cervical Cancer Screening.
Investigation reveals the problems of the existing research work, which are stated as follows;
The aim of the study is to examine the Acceptability and Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Part-Time Students. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
The following are the relevance of the research work;
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
The scope of this research is focused on the Knowledge and Acceptability of Cervical Cancer Screening of Female Students in University of Benin.
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …