1.1 Introduction
Malaria is principally caused by protozoa (Plasmodium species) and is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito (Mwangangi et al., 2013). Within the tropics and sub-tropics, human malaria is seen to be the most wide spread vector-borne disease (Ahmad et al., 2011). Available statistics have documented that malaria is highly endemic in Nigeria with over 90% of the populace at risk of infection. It is the prime cause of 60% outpatient consultation for all age groups and at least half of the Nigerian populace are exposed to at least one bout of malaria attack every year (Idowu J., 2012). Malaria still remains a significant public health problem especially in low and middle income countries. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), malaria transmission in Nigeria is abysmally high with over 76% of the population reporting more than 1 case per 1,000 populations annually. There was a less than 50% decrease in projected incidence of malaria from 2000-2015.
As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.
1.2 Background of Study
Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Malaria poses a greater threat to about 40% the population of the world, particularly pregnant women and children under the age of five. In year 2010, there was an estimation of almost 220 million cases of malaria and 660,000 deaths respectively. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region mainly affected with about 85% of these cases occurring in that region (Abora, et. al. 2013.) According to WHO (2013), malaria kills 1300 children in a day and one child every minute globally. Malaria is pandemic throughout the tropical regions in the world. It is considered to be one of the killer diseases in sub-Sahara Africa. It was estimated that 300 million cases of malaria was recorded on the globe annually (Dugbartey & Apedo, 1998.) The world needs 3 billion dollars to combat malaria every year (UNICEF, 2012).
The 2010 report from 106 malaria endemic countries indicates that the cost of funding for the control of this disease was 1.5 billion dollars in only 2009. This seriously threatens the 2015 global target, since the report further indicates that fund inflow remained at 1.8 billion dollars as against over 6 billion dollars required within the period mentioned (WHO, 2010). Malaria kills over a million people every year globally with 90 percent of the deaths coming from Africa. Children under five years also constitute 70 percent of this number. In sub-Saharan Africa, one in five children death is the result of malaria (Molavi, 2003.)
Malaria has caused a section of the population into poverty and this situation has reduced national output, hence slowing down national development. Despite the fact that several attempts have been made over the years to combat the disease in Ghana, statistics for 2010 indicated that an average of 8200 cases were reported daily, and a total of 3 million cases for a whole year. Out of this figure, over 3000 deaths were recorded. The most vulnerable population was children and pregnant women (Tettey, 2011). Malaria is the leading killer disease in Ghana. In 2008 Ministry of Health (MOH) budgeted 846,142,000 dollars for malaria. It is estimated that malaria accounts for 33% of death in children under five year old and 36% of all hospital admission sickness in the country (Ghanaweb, 2012).
Every year 3.5 million people are infected with malaria and approximately 20,000 people also die from malaria of which most of them are children under five years of age. Most of the children who are able to survive from malaria suffer from convulsion and brain disorders, which affect their growth and development. In 2008 The cost of malaria was 760 million dollars and that was 10% of the country's gross domestic product. Upon this entire devastating situation little attention has been given to research in this area of study (Tweneboa-Kodua, Otuo & Mahama 2012).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the experiences community nurses have about the existing methods of preventing malaria and the challenges facing them in their effort to prevent the disease in Benin City, Edo State.
1.3 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that malaria has become very common and is increasing in an uncontrolled way throughout Nigeria and world as whole, due to the bite of the female anopheles mosquito which carries the plasmodium in an attempt to eradicate this deadly disease, a massive response need to be mounted by the government to enlighten the public about the prevalence of malaria. Also provide remedy for treatment of it.
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to find out the experiences community nurses have about the existing methods of preventing malaria and the challenges facing them in their effort to prevent the disease in Benin City. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To determine the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area;
- To identify the various means the vector transmits the parasite plasmodium;
- To determine the symptoms and signs of malaria; and
- To examine the ways to eradicate the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area.
1.5 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Does lack of awareness contribute to the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area?
- Does poverty encourage the spread of malaria among residents of Benin City?
- Can malaria lead to the death of people living in the area under study?
- Can poor sanitation among the residents lead to prevalence of malaria in the area under study?
- Does the use of insecticides treated net prevent the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypothesis One
- H0: The utilization of insecticides treated net does not prevent the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area
- H1: The utilization of insecticides treated net prevent the prevalence of malaria among people living in the study area
1.7 Significance of Study
This research work is very relevant in several ways to communities, personnel, individual, and government. The work will expose the prevalence of malaria and enlighten the community on t he effects of malaria among people living in the study area mostly in Benin City.
Furthermore, the study will provide proper measures for preventing this deadly disease. This study will also enlighten people on the signs and symptoms of malaria and how the parasite plasmodium invades the host body through the transmission by the vector mosquito. The research findings will also encourage the government of Edo State to swing into actions by creating various measures to prevent further outbreaks of malaria among the resident of the states.
1.8 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the Prevention of Malaria. This study will cover areas and quarters in Benin City, as sample study where resident's opinion will be sampled. However, there is delimitation of this study to just 3 area as a result of time constraint and means of transportation.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Research Material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.10 Definition of Terms
Fever: Fever is an abnormally high body temperature and also the state of nervous excitement.
Malaria: Is a disease causing recurrent fever it is also a serious disease carried by mosquito to which causes periods of fever.
Parasite: This is an organism that live inside or outside living organism and derives its nutrients.
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