1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
In the decades that followed, the understanding of nosocomial infections evolved, especially with the introduction of antibiotics in the 20th century. While antibiotics significantly improved patient outcomes, they also led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms, complicating the prevention and treatment of HAIs (Levy et al., 2004). Over the years, research has increasingly focused on the role of healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in preventing nosocomial infections. Studies have highlighted the correlation between nurses' knowledge of infection control practices and the rates of HAIs, emphasizing the necessity for ongoing education and training (Al-Eid et al., 2020). Furthermore, the recognition of the patient's role in infection prevention has emerged as a critical aspect of healthcare delivery, promoting patient education as a means to enhance safety (Rosa et al., 2018).
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), pose a significant threat to patient safety and healthcare quality worldwide. These infections occur in healthcare settings, affecting patients during their stay and often leading to prolonged hospitalizations, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates (World Health Organization, 2020). The prevention and control of nosocomial infections are critical responsibilities for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, who play a pivotal role in implementing infection control measures and ensuring patient safety.
Research indicates that a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with nosocomial infections is essential for effective prevention strategies. Factors such as invasive procedures, prolonged hospital stays, and the presence of underlying health conditions can increase a patient's susceptibility to infections (Siegel et al., 2007). Moreover, nurses' knowledge of these risk factors significantly influences their ability to apply appropriate infection prevention practices.
Nosocomial infections are a major concern in healthcare settings, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality among patients. According to the World Health Organization (2020), approximately 1 in 10 patients in developed countries and 1 in 5 in developing countries experience healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). These infections not only complicate the clinical course of patients but also lead to increased healthcare costs due to extended hospital stays and additional treatments (Zimlichman et al., 2013). The role of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections is crucial, as they are often the primary caregivers responsible for implementing infection control practices. Research has shown that nurses' knowledge of risk factors associated with HAIs significantly influences their ability to adhere to preventive measures (Al-Eid et al., 2020). Common risk factors include the use of invasive devices, surgical procedures, and the presence of multi-drug resistant organisms, which necessitate a thorough understanding of infection control protocols among nursing staff (Siegel et al., 2007). In addition to nurses, patients also play an integral role in infection prevention through their awareness and understanding of the risks associated with their health conditions and hospital environment. Studies indicate that educating patients about infection prevention practices can empower them to take an active role in their healthcare, potentially reducing the incidence of HAIs (Rosa et al., 2018).
Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the knowledge of risk factors and prevention of nosocomial infections among nurses and patients.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Investigation revealed that nosocomial infections remain a critical issue in healthcare settings, leading to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Despite advancements in medical technology and practices, the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections is alarmingly high, suggesting that existing prevention strategies may be insufficient (Zimlichman et al., 2013). A fundamental challenge is the inconsistent knowledge among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, regarding the risk factors associated with these infections. Research indicates that nurses' understanding of infection control practices directly influences their adherence to preventive measures (Al-Eid et al., 2020).
Furthermore, there is a concerning gap in patient awareness about nosocomial infections and their prevention. Patients often lack knowledge about the risks they face during hospital stays and the importance of engaging in infection prevention practices (Rosa et al., 2018). It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to address these gaps by evaluating the knowledge of risk factors and preventive measures related to nosocomial infections among nurses and patients, ultimately aiming to inform better educational interventions and enhance patient safety.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge of risk factors and prevention strategies for nosocomial infections among nurses and patients in healthcare settings. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:
- To assess the level of knowledge regarding nosocomial infection risk factors among nurses.
- To evaluate the understanding of infection prevention practices among nursing staff.
- To examine patients' awareness of nosocomial infections and their preventive measures.
- To identify gaps in knowledge and education needs for both nurses and patients related to infection control.
- To recommend targeted educational interventions that can enhance the knowledge and practices of both nurses and patients in preventing nosocomial infections.
1.4 Research Questions
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
- Are there significant gaps in knowledge regarding infection control among both nurses and patients?
- How well do nurses understand the infection prevention practices necessary to reduce nosocomial infections?
- What is the level of knowledge regarding the risk factors for nosocomial infections among nurses in healthcare settings?
- What educational interventions can effectively enhance the knowledge and practices related to the prevention of nosocomial infections among nurses and patients?
- What is the level of awareness among patients about nosocomial infections and the associated preventive measures?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
- H01: There is a significant relationship between nurses' knowledge of risk factors for nosocomial infections and their adherence to infection prevention practices.
- H02: Patients with higher awareness of nosocomial infections and preventive measures are less likely to experience these infections during their hospital stays.
1.6 Significance of Study
This study will provide valuable insights into the current knowledge levels of nurses and patients regarding the risk factors and prevention of nosocomial infections. It will highlight the critical role that healthcare professionals play in infection control, emphasizing the need for ongoing education and training. The findings will inform healthcare institutions about potential gaps in knowledge that exist among their staff and patients, facilitating the development of targeted educational programs.
Additionally, the findings of this research study will contribute to improving patient safety by identifying effective strategies to enhance patient awareness and engagement in infection prevention practices.
Ultimately, the outcomes will be beneficial for policymakers and healthcare administrators, guiding them in implementing effective infection control measures and resource allocation to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections.
1.7 Scope of Study
The scope of the research is focused on the knowledge of risk factors and prevention of nosocomial infections among nurses and patients using University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) as a case study.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
During the course of this study, there were some problems encountered which stood as limitations to the research work. Some of the limitations include:
- Delays from respondents in providing feedback and completing surveys resulted in a longer-than-anticipated timeline for data acquisition, further complicating the research process.
- Financial constraints were another limiting factor, as the research study had a restricted budget that limited the ability to conduct extensive outreach and recruitment of participants.
- Time constraints also played a role, as the researchers faced a tight schedule to complete the research study, which may have influenced the depth of data collection and analysis.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Nosocomial Infections:
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions in a healthcare facility. These infections typically occur 48 hours or more after admission and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality (World Health Organization, 2020).
Risk Factors:
Risk factors refer to characteristics or conditions that increase the likelihood of developing nosocomial infections. Common risk factors include the use of invasive devices, prolonged hospital stays, compromised immune systems, and the presence of underlying health conditions (Siegel et al., 2007).
Infection Prevention:
Infection prevention encompasses a range of practices and protocols aimed at reducing the risk of transmitting infections in healthcare settings. This includes proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), sterilization of medical instruments, and patient education (Rosa et al., 2018).
Healthcare Professionals:
Healthcare professionals include individuals who provide medical care and support to patients within healthcare settings. This group primarily consists of nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and other allied health staff who play a crucial role in preventing and managing infections.
