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Oxidative Stress Harms and Benefits to Humans

Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits to Humans

Project / Seminar Material
Reference ID: PS-24305-TM

DEDICATION

This research material titled “Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits to Humans” is dedicated to God for his enabling grace, and to all computer enthusiasts who contributed to make life a pleasant experience during my research documentation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this project. Special thanks to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Occupation Health and Safety, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing or related project material on “Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits to Humans” for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the journey.

I am also grateful to your study area (mention any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of some stakeholders (mention any mentors, teachers, or colleagues). Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the understanding and patience of my family and friends during this endeavor. Your unwavering support has been a constant source of motivation. Thank you all for being part of this meaningful endeavor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Conceptual Review
    • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
    • 2.4 Empirical Studies

    CHAPTER THREE

    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Research Design
    • 3.3 Population of Study
    • 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
    • 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
    • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
    • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
    • 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
    • 3.9 Ethical Consideration
    • 3.10 Statistical Analysis

    CHAPTER FOUR

    DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
    • 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
    • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
    • 4.5 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary of Findings
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation
    • 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study

    REFERENCES

    APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”


    Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits to Humans

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.1 Introduction

    Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidant defence. According to Sies oxidative stress is “a disturbance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balances in favour of the former, leading to serious damage” (Barry, 2001). Oxidative stress focuses the attention of worldwide researchers for its damaging effects on the human body (Anand et al., 2014) and essential for life and also responsible for the death of a cell. In organisms including human’s reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are produced during metabolic and immune system function. Molecular oxygen (O2) has ability to un-pair and leave free radicals which are unstable and highly reactive leads to formation of ROS (Klaus et al., 2004). When the concentration of ROS beyond a certain limit it is beneficial as biological functions such as phagocytosis, apoptosis, necrosis, and provide protection against pathogens. In oxidation reaction several enzymes (peroxidase) uses H2O2 as a substrate which involving the synthesis of complex organic molecules in the organisms (Anand et al., 2014). Bodies have defensive mechanism which neutralized the ROS effect in humans, principle defensive agents against ROS is antioxidants and endogenous antioxidants (Klaus et al., 2004).

    As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.


    1.2 Statement of Problems

    Oxidative stress emerges when an imbalance exists between free radical formation and the capability of cells to clear them. For instance, an excess of hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite can cause lipid peroxidation, thus damaging cell membranes and lipoproteins. This in turn will lead to malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated diene compound formation, which are known to be cytotoxic as well as mutagenic. Being a radical chain reaction, lipid peroxidation spreads very quickly affecting a large amount of lipidic molecules (Frei et al., 1997). Proteins may as well being damaged by oxidative stress, undergoing to conformational modifications that could determine a loss, or impairment, of their enzymatic activity (Halliwell, 2007).


    1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

    The aim of the study is to explore the Harms and Benefits of Oxidative Stress towards Humans. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

    1. To investigate the factors instigating harm of oxidation stress towards human body.
    2. To find out the health benefits of Oxidative Stress towards Humans

    1.4 Significance of Study

    This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.


    1.5 Scope of Study

    The study focuses on the Harms and Benefits of Oxidative Stress towards Human body in Nigeria.


    1.6 Limitations of the Study

    During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

    1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
    2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
    3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
    4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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