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Sparklyn Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction
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Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction


This page presents an excerpt of the research material, providing a comprehensive overview of the study. It includes the Preliminary Pages, Table of Contents, Abstract, Chapters One to Five, and References, making it accessible and informative for students, researchers, and other readers interested in the topic of this study. Acknowledgement is also included, expressing gratitude to the individuals, institutions, and resources that contributed to the successful completion of the research, with materials and information sourced from the online platform sparklyn.com.ng, which provided valuable academic support.


PRELIMINARY PAGES

  • Title page
  • Approval page
  • Dedication
  • Acknowledgement
  • Table of Contents
  • Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction 1
  • 1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant 4
  • 1.3 Research aim and objectives 7

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • 2.0 Definition of Inflammation 8
  • 2.1 Characteristics of Inflammation 8
  • 2.2 Classes of Inflammation 9
  • 2.3 Types of Inflammation 10
  • 2.4 Chemical mediators of Inflammation 13
  • 2.4.0 Properties of Mediators 16
  • 2.4.1 Histamine 18
  • 2.4.2 Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine) 21
  • 2.4.3 Cytokines 24
  • 2.4.4 Arachidonic acid 30
  • 2.4.5 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) 34
  • 2.4.6 Free Radicals 36
  • 2.4.6.1 Nitric Oxide (NO) 37
  • 2.4.6.2 Oxygen-derived free radicals 40
  • 2.4.7.0 Complement system 41
  • 2.4.7.1 The clotting system / Coagulation system. 45
  • 2.4.7.2 The Kinin System 48
  • 2.4.7.3 The fibrinolytic system 50
  • 2.5.0 Anti-Inflammatory agents 53
  • 2.5.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 53
  • 2.5.1.0 Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS 55
  • 2.5.2 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs 58

CHAPTER THREE

  • Material And Methods
  • 3.1 Materials 60
  • 3.1.1 Equipment / Apparatus used 60
  • 3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagents 61
  • 3.1.3 Animals 62
  • 3.2 Methodology 63
  • 3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Plant Materials 63
  • 3.2.2 Extraction 63
  • 3.3 Fractionation 64
  • 3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography 64
  • 3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract 65
  • 3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis 65
  • 3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract 66
  • 3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography 71
  • 3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test 72

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Result 75

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion 79
  • Conclusion 81
  • REFERENCES 82
  • APPENDIXes 87


ABSTRACT


Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors have accelerated anti-inflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research (Ryan & Majno, 1983). Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products.

These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Anti-inflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii showed significance anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.



1.1 Introduction

In this section, Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction is discussed, with relevant and recent citations. As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the aim and objectives of the study. Others are significance of the study, scope of work, research hypothesis and questions, limitation of the study and definition of terms.


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW


2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review presents current knowledge, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions, related to Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction. It documents the state of the art on the subject under study and provides a comprehensive survey of existing literature. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …


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