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Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction
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Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction


This page presents an excerpt of the available research material, including the Preliminary Pages, Table of Contents, Abstract, Chapters One to Five, and References. It provides a comprehensive overview of the study, enhancing readability and accessibility for students, and researchers seeking complete material on the topic stated above.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Linguistics and Communication for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.




PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction 1
  • 1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant 4
  • 1.3 Research aim and objectives 7

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • 2.0 Definition of Inflammation 8
  • 2.1 Characteristics of Inflammation 8
  • 2.2 Classes of Inflammation 9
  • 2.3 Types of Inflammation 10
  • 2.4 Chemical mediators of Inflammation 13
  • 2.4.0 Properties of Mediators 16
  • 2.4.1 Histamine 18
  • 2.4.2 Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine) 21
  • 2.4.3 Cytokines 24
  • 2.4.4 Arachidonic acid 30
  • 2.4.5 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) 34
  • 2.4.6 Free Radicals 36
  • 2.4.6.1 Nitric Oxide (NO) 37
  • 2.4.6.2 Oxygen-derived free radicals 40
  • 2.4.7.0 Complement system 41
  • 2.4.7.1 The clotting system / Coagulation system. 45
  • 2.4.7.2 The Kinin System 48
  • 2.4.7.3 The fibrinolytic system 50
  • 2.5.0 Anti-Inflammatory agents 53
  • 2.5.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 53
  • 2.5.1.0 Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS 55
  • 2.5.2 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs 58

CHAPTER THREE

  • Material And Methods
  • 3.1 Materials 60
  • 3.1.1 Equipment / Apparatus used 60
  • 3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagents 61
  • 3.1.3 Animals 62
  • 3.2 Methodology 63
  • 3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Plant Materials 63
  • 3.2.2 Extraction 63
  • 3.3 Fractionation 64
  • 3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography 64
  • 3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract 65
  • 3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis 65
  • 3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract 66
  • 3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography 71
  • 3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test 72

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Result 75

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion 79
  • Conclusion 81
  • REFERENCES 82
  • APPENDIXes 87



ABSTRACT


Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors have accelerated anti-inflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research (Ryan & Majno, 1983). Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products.

These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Anti-inflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii showed significance anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.




1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the aim and objectives of the study. Others are significance of the study, scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, limitation of the study and definition of terms.…


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW


2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …


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