Project Topics Seminar Topics Post UTME Nursing Exam Past Questions
Search Topic
PARKLYN
ERVICES
 · RC: 2994849
Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction

Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction

@SparklynServices
WhatsApp Channel

DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Linguistics and Communication for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction 1
  • 1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant 4
  • 1.3 Research aim and objectives 7

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • 2.0 Definition of Inflammation 8
  • 2.1 Characteristics of Inflammation 8
  • 2.2 Classes of Inflammation 9
  • 2.3 Types of Inflammation 10
  • 2.4 Chemical mediators of Inflammation 13
  • 2.4.0 Properties of Mediators 16
  • 2.4.1 Histamine 18
  • 2.4.2 Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine) 21
  • 2.4.3 Cytokines 24
  • 2.4.4 Arachidonic acid 30
  • 2.4.5 Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) 34
  • 2.4.6 Free Radicals 36
  • 2.4.6.1 Nitric Oxide (NO) 37
  • 2.4.6.2 Oxygen-derived free radicals 40
  • 2.4.7.0 Complement system 41
  • 2.4.7.1 The clotting system / Coagulation system. 45
  • 2.4.7.2 The Kinin System 48
  • 2.4.7.3 The fibrinolytic system 50
  • 2.5.0 Anti-Inflammatory agents 53
  • 2.5.1 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 53
  • 2.5.1.0 Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS 55
  • 2.5.2 Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs 58

CHAPTER THREE

  • Material And Methods
  • 3.1 Materials 60
  • 3.1.1 Equipment / Apparatus used 60
  • 3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagents 61
  • 3.1.3 Animals 62
  • 3.2 Methodology 63
  • 3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Plant Materials 63
  • 3.2.2 Extraction 63
  • 3.3 Fractionation 64
  • 3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography 64
  • 3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract 65
  • 3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis 65
  • 3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract 66
  • 3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography 71
  • 3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test 72

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Result 75

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion 79
  • Conclusion 81
  • REFERENCES 82
  • APPENDIXes 87

ABSTRACT

Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors have accelerated anti-inflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research (Ryan & Majno, 1983). Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products.

These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Anti-inflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii showed significance anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.


Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

Procedure for Accessing and Downloading the Complete Material in PDF or DOCX Format

Above is a preview excerpt of the full study on “Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction”. The complete material, including all five chapters, is available for download upon request.

To obtain the complete research material content, simply place an order by paying the specified project or seminar fee using the account details or electronic payment (E-payment) system provided below.

Seminar Material
₦3,000		Project Material
₦5,000

For Mobile Money (MoMo) and Researchers Outside Nigeria, Kindly Request Complete Material via WhatsApp.

Account Details - For USSD / POS Transfer

ACCT NAMESPARKLYN SERVICES
Zenith Bank PLC1222599051
MoniePoint (MFB)8030511988
Paycom (OPay)8030511988

–– or ––

After payment, send message containing your payment receipt to Sparklyn Services with the phone number displayed below.

Once payment is confirmed, the complete document will be delivered via WhatsApp or email in Microsoft Word (MS-Word) format.

You can get more research topics on Linguistics and Communication, if you did not see your preferred topic from the alternate list above.

Defense Procedure for Linguistics and Communication Researchers

In preparation for defending a project or seminar on Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction, it is imperative that as a nursing student, you demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of your research. The defense process is structured to include presenting your work, answering questions, and illustrating its pertinence. Initially, provide a succinct yet thorough introduction to your research topic, emphasizing its importance and the objectives, ensuring that both the audience and the External Examiner can understand the scope of your study.

Prior to your defense, be thoroughly acquainted with your research abstract and the critical elements of Chapter One, including motivation for embarking on this research, problem statement, objectives, and significance. In Chapter Two, be ready to cite at least two references from the literature review. For Chapter Three, you should be equipped to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques utilized. In Chapter Four, defend your research by justifying the findings and linking them to your research objectives.

Conclude your defense by succinctly summarizing the study and offering insightful, evidence-based recommendations. A professional dress code, such as wearing a suit and tie, is vital to create a favorable impression and elevate your presentation.

During the question and answer segment, the External Examiner may pose questions pertaining to your research. If confronted with a challenging or irrelevant question, respond diplomatically with, “Sorry, Sir/Madam, the question asked is beyond the scope of my study.” Whenever possible, direct your answers back to your research findings to reinforce your expertise.

Page Content Headings - Phytochemical Evaluation and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Crateva Adansonii Methyl Extract in Dichloromethane Fraction
    Download Material (Docx)