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Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tomato Products

Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tomato Products

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Reference ID: PS-2944-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tomato Products" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Biochemistry, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Background of the Study
  • 1.3 Statement of Problems
  • 1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study
  • 1.5 Significance of Study
  • 1.6 Scope of Study
  • 1.7 Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Importance of Phytochemicals
  • 2.2.1 Mechanism of Action of Tomato Phytochemicals
  • 2.2.2 Importance of Tomatoes
  • 2.3 Structure of Vitamin C and its Activity
  • 2.3.1 Biosynthesis and Species-Synthetic Ability
  • 2.3.2 Absorption, Transport and Disposal
  • 2.3.3 Deficiency
  • 2.3.4 Physiological functions in mammals
  • 2.2.5 Daily requirement
  • 2.3.6 Therapeutic uses
  • 2.3.7 Adverse effects
  • 2.4 Structure of Beta Carotene and its Activity
  • 2.4.1 Previtamin A activity
  • 2.4.2 Symmetric and Asymmetric Cleavage
  • 2.4.3 Sources in Diet
  • 2.4.5 Beta Carotene and lung cancer in smokers
  • 2.4.6 Uses based on Scientific Evidence
  • 2.5 Structure of Lycopene and Its Chemical Activity
  • 2.5.1 Bioavailability of Lycopene
  • 2.5.2 Digestion and absorption of Lycopene
  • 2.5.3 Roles of Lycopene in Human Health
  • 2.6 Structure of Polyphenol and its Activity
  • 2.6.1 Classification and Nomenclature
  • 2.6.2 Potential Health Benefits
  • 2.7 History of Tomatoes
  • 2.8 Types of Tomatoes
  • 2.9 Nutrition Facts Of Tomatoes
  • 2.10 Common Addition of Tomato

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Study Area
  • 3.3 Collection of Tomato Samples
  • 3.4 Preparation of Samples
  • 3.5 Phyto Chemicals Used
  • 3.5 Analysis of Tomato Products Attributes
  • 3.6 Equipments / Apparatus Utilized
  • 3.7 Raw Materials
  • 3.8 Sample Processing
  • 3.9 Chemical Analysis of Samples
  • 3.9.1 Vitamin C Content Determination
  • 3.9.2 Beta-carotene Content Determination
  • 3.9.3 Lycopene Content Determination

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Results
  • 4.3 Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary of Findings
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation

REFERENCES


Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tomato Products

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The tomato is a product of easy access, and in its transformation from fresh to powder, several phenomena as physical, chemical, nutritional aspects can happen. Tomato production takes place everywhere in the world, but his short life time, difficulty, lack of handling conditions and conservation technologies especially in producing communities, where most of them have a low family income, Creates the need for search, create, innovate or proposed conservation technologies of this product in accordance with the conditions of each community as a target group. Estimates have shown that about one third of the produce is lost before reaching the consumer (Erinle, 2007), this loss has been attributed to a number of factors which include physical (mechanical breakage, bruises), physiological and also damages caused by pathological agents (Thompson and Kelly, 2000), market value of the tomato are mainly reduced by this factors.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Limitation of the study and Definition of terms.


1.2 Background of the Study

Over the years, tomatoes are tomatoes usually peeled that are sealed into a canned after having been processed by heat. This product is considered important worldwide (Robinso, et al, 1994). In Nigeria tomato paste is the most important tomato product because of its wide spread use for preparation of various food/menus. It contain on the average about 6.4% total solids, of which 3.5% is invert sugar, 0.5% citric acid,0.6% ash, 0.9% protein, 0.53% crude fibre and about 0.05% fat.

Tomatoes and tomato products are now being investigated for their potential role in prostate cancer prevention and therapy. This review summarizes the in vitro and invivo evidence as well as the molecular data that show the anticarcinogenic potential of tomatoes. Raw and processed tomatoes are among the most commonly consumed vegetables. They are rich in the phytochemicals, carotenoids and polyphenols. Lycopene and quercetin are the most abundant carotenoids and flavonols respectively. Canned tomato sauce is the primary source of lycopene whereas the tomato skin is enriched with flavonols. Most epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of tomatoes and the products in associated with a reduced prostate cancer risk.

The health professionals follows-up study found that men who consumed 2 to 4 servings of raw tomatoes per week had a more than 20% reduction in prostate cancer risk compared to men who did not consume tomatoes. High lycopene plasma concentrations were associated with a low incidence of prostate cancer and aggressive prostate cancer in rested case-control study with the physician's health study. Invitro data show that the compounds found in tomatoes are potent anticarcinogens.

Cancer cell growth is inhibited by the polyphenols quercetin, kaempferol and naringerin in a dose dependent manner. These compounds do not have cytotoxic effect. In a rat model of prostate cancer, tomato powder into but not lycopene intake by itself reduced prostate cancer related mortality. This suggests that the compounds in tomatoes have an additive influence on prostate cancer. Lycopenes exist as either the cis or trans isomer. The half-life of lycopene is approximately 10 to 14 days, so it remains in the body during washout period. The trans isomer dominates in tomatoes, between the cis isomer dominates in serum and tissues and during a washout period. Thus, recent intake of lycopenes is reflected in blood concentrations whereas long-term exposure is determined in the tissues.

Lycopene is a bioactive carotenoid found in many red fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruits etc. Different fruits, vegetable and their products contain different concentrations of lycopene. This natural red pigment is synthesized exclusive by plants and microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and algae). It facilitates the absorption of light during photosynthesis and also provides protection against photosensitization (Adam et al., 1996) Animals including human being, cannot synthesize lycopene therefore, they obtain lycopene exclusively from diet (Tapiero et al. 2004; Omoni and Aluko, 2005).

Although, tomato contain a lower concentration of nutrients compared to other commercially grow fruits species, they are a major source of lycopene. Lycopene comprises 83% of the total pigment present in tomatoes (Shi et al., 1990). Therefore, the amount of lycopene presents in tomatoes other fruits and vegetables vary with variety, degree of ripeness and other dimatic conditions and agricultural practices.

The fraction of vitamin C in the diet that is absorbed and the rate at which the excess is eliminated from the body vary strongly with the dose. Large, randomized clinical trials on the effects of high doses on the general population have not been conducted. Venturi suggested that the antioxidant action of ascorbic acid developed first in the plant kingdom when, about 500 million years ago (mya), plants began to adapt to antioxidant mineral deficient fresh waters of estuaries. Ascorbic acid or vitamin C is a common enzymatic cofactor in mammals used in the synthesis of collagen. Ascorbate is a powerful reducing agent capable of rapidly scavenging a number of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Freshwater fishes also require dietary vitamin C in their diet or they will get scurvy. The most widely recognized symptoms of vitamin C deficiency in fishes are scoliosis, lordosis and dark skin coloration.

The name “carotene” was first coined in the early 19th century by the scientist Wachenroder after he crystallized this compound from carrot roots. Beta-carotene is a member of the carotenoids, which are highly pigmented (red, orange, yellow), fat-soluble compounds naturally present in many fruits, grains, oils and vegetables (green plants, carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, spinach, apricots, and green peppers). Alpha, beta and gamma carotene are considered provitamins because they can be converted to active vitamin A. The carotenes possess antioxidant properties. Vitamin A serves several biological functions including involvement in the synthesis of certain glycoproteins. Commercially available beta-carotene produced synthetically or from palm oil, algae, or fungi. Beta-carotene is converted to retinol, which is essential for vision and is subsequently converted to retinoic acid, which is used for processes involving growth and cell differentiation.


1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that despite the human need of tomato, damage as a result of post-bacteria spoilage micro-organisms has been of serious concern. Microbial decay is one of the main factors that determine losses and compromises the quality of the produce. The extent of the losses especially through microbial decay has not been quantified in most areas and on this has been quantified the result are short lived.

Periodic surveys may help to understanding the seventy of losses in a specific place and at a specific time. Estimates of post harvest losses in Benue State have of been established. Therefore, the study aims at establishing estimates of post harvest losses in Nigeria, identify pathogens involved in post a harvest decay of tomato fruits and evaluate ways of managing them using crude plant extracts.

Several kinds of synthetic fungicides have been successfully used to control the post harvest decay of fruits and vegetable (Adasaveg et al, 2009, Kanetis et al, 2002). However, there are three major concerns the increasing consumer concern over pesticide residues on foods which are toxic and caranogenic, predominance of fungicide resistance strains of fungi due to excessive use of fungicides.


1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis (quantitative analysis) on phytochemicals present in tomatoes and some selected tomato products (canned tomato) sold in any common market in Nigeria. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To determine the reagents and materials used in the production of quality tomato products;
  2. To identify pathogens involved in post a harvest decay of tomato fruits; and
  3. To proffer solution to the above stated problems affecting the production process of quality tomato products.

1.5 Significance of Study

This study will be of immense benefit to researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.


1.6 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Tomato Products.


1.7 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
  2. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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