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Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School

Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Public Health for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    CHAPTER TWO

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Conceptual Review
    • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
    • ⋮
    • 2.4 Empirical Studies
    • 2.5 Research Gaps
    • 2.6 Summary of Literature Review

    CHAPTER THREE

    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Research Design
    • 3.3 Population of Study
    • 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
    • 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
    • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
    • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
    • 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
    • 3.9 Ethical Consideration
    • 3.10 Statistical Analysis

    CHAPTER FOUR

    DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
    • 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
    • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
    • 4.5 Discussion of Findings

    CHAPTER FIVE

    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Summary of Findings
    • 5.3 Conclusion
    • 5.4 Recommendation
    • 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study

    REFERENCES

    APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”


    Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School

    CHAPTER ONE

    1.0 Introduction

    1.1 Background of Study

    In clinical laboratory, urine analysis is the third major diagnostic screening test. In urinalysis we generally detect and analyse the various byproducts that are eliminated through urine as a result of normal as well abnormal metabolism that is taking place in an individual. Routine urinalysis is very useful for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (Matthai et al., 1995). Urine analysis is one of the most feasible and easy screening method. Urine analysis requires limited time and expertise (Mambatta et al., 2015). Kidneys function in excretion of toxic substances and metabolic byproducts out of the blood, regulate the water quantity and blood pressure in the body, maintain acid-base equilibrium, detoxify drugs, metabolize hormones, retain the proteins, electrolytes and other compounds in adequate quantity (Gattone, 2007).

    The colour of urine has been considered to be one of the most vital tools for assessment of hydration (Kavouras et al., 2016). Normally, the colour of fresh urine ranges from pale to dark yellow and it is clear in appearance. Normally the volume of urine ranges from 750 to 2000 ml/24hrs. Urinalysis is used as a diagnostic tool for a wide range of disorders. There might be severe renal diseases without the presence of symptoms (Hajar et al., 2011). By analysing the various constituents of the urine, the concentration, colour and volume we can diagnosis a variety of disease which include diabetes, urinary tract infection and other kidney diseases as well. The abnormal concentration of constituents found in urine include: glucose, red blood cells, bacteria, protein, bilirubin, white blood cells and even crystals. In case of urinary tract infection, the clarity of the urine is lost and it looks cloudy instead (Kurts et al., 2013).

    Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School.

    1.2 Statement of Problems

    Investigation reveals that the laboratory tests are being used more as an expensive screening tool for accidental diagnosis or as an aid to confirm provisional clinical diagnosis, still needs conscientious answer by clinician. Urine analysis is the first step to diagnose the chronic kidney disease in asymptomatic subjects. Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem, with increasing prevalence and adverse outcomes, including progressive loss of kidney function, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Disturbances in mineral metabolism and bone disease are common complications of chronic kidney disease and an important cause of morbidity and decreased quality of life (Iseki et al., 1996).

    1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

    The aim of the study is to scrutinize the Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in a School. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

    1. To examine the occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in Ado Grammar School,
    2. To identify the presence of unnoticed UTI among apparently healthy patients in among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School,
    3. To evaluate the status of different common diseases among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School by examining their urine through routine tests.
    4. To assess the prevalence of urinary abnormalities in school-aged students
    5. To provide the report of the urine analysis to the students which may help for their further health consciousness

    1.4 Research Questions

    The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

    • Is there any significant prevalence of urinary abnormalities in school-aged students?
    • Does the report of the urine analysis to the students aids further health consciousness?
    • What do you understand by Occurrence of Urinalysis of Students in Ado Grammar School?
    • What is the presence of unnoticed UTI among apparently healthy patients in among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School?
    • What is the status of different common diseases among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School by examining their urine through routine tests?

    1.5 Research Hypothesis

    In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

    • H0: There is no significant impact of urine analysis and it's medical uses among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School
    • H1: There is significant impact of urine analysis and it’s medical uses among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School

    1.6 Significance of Study

    This study will be very effective in constructing the future threat of many common diseases. Importantly, there is increasing evidence suggesting that these disorders in mineral and bone metabolism are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular calcification, morbidity, and mortality. This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

    1.7 Scope of Study

    The study focuses on the Studies on Occurrence of Urinalysis among secondary school students in Ado Grammar School, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.

    1.8 Limitations of the Study

    During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

    1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
    2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
    3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
    4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
    …

    CHAPTER TWO

    2.0 Literature Review

    2.1 Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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