1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The presidential system of government also called a congressional system of government is a system of government where an executive branch exists alongside legislature and judiciary. The president exercise ultimate power with little or no limitation of such powers as assigned to him by the constitution. It origin can be traced back to the medical monarchies of France, England and Scotland in which executive authority was rested in the crown not in the meeting or the estate of the parliament.
According to (Ugu and Vincent 2007) the presidential system of government is a system whereby the president wields the ultimate power of government. Under this system, the president is not just a mere figure head like is the case of parliamentary system but the head of state and the head of government with all rights, powers, privileges and immunities.
Beings the chief executive, the president bears all burden of government and is answerable to the people for the effective and efficient discharge of his duties. He combines both functions of head of state and head of government in the administration of Sovereign state (Bassy 2002).
Okoli and Okoli (1990) described the presidential system of government as a form of government in which the presidential is dominant. Thus, in presidential system of government, the president combines the important rules of:
- The chief executive
- Ceremonial head of state and the very symbol of authority
- The commander — in — chief of the arm forces and
- The leader of his political party
The cardinal feature of the presidential system of government is that the president and cabinet are not members of the legislature. However, the members of the presidential cabinet may be summon before the legislature to answer questions on any irregularities on behalf of their respective departments or ministries.
Furthermore, no bill passed by the legislature becomes law until the presidential gives his assent to such bill. Hence there is considerable separation of powers, functions and functionaries (omolayo and Anowolagu, 1987). The doctrine of separation of powers was first propounded by John Locke and first used by Baron Montesquieu in his book titled “The spirit of the laws” published in 1948 which implies that the functions of government must be divided into three areas visa viz, the executive, the legislative and judiciary, in such a away and manner that these arms must be combined to exercise it's own functions without encroaching upon the functions of the other arms (Appadoric: 1968).
Hence the doctrine of separation of power implies that the law- making powers of government must be exercised by the legislature elected by the people through a popular election while the law implementation power should be exercise by the executive and the law adjudication power exercise by the judiciary (Okoli and Okoli: 1990). The essence of doctrine of separation of power is to ensure limit excess usage of governmental powers, preservation of civil liberty and avoidance of tyranny (Appaoria 1986)
Nigeria as a sovereign political entity adopted the presidential system of government on first of October 1979 propounded out by the 1979 constitution that ushered in the third republic under the leadership of President Shehu Shargari. The system did not last long as it was terminated in December, 1983 due to military intervention that brought in Buhari and idiagbon through a successful coup — detat (Bassy: 2002).
However, in May 1999, Nigeria again adopted the presidential system of government under the leadership of president, Olusegun Obasanjo; which marked the beginning of the fourth republic. This system is still in place till date. This research work, however solely intend to critically assess the application of the concept of separation of power in Nigeria's presidential system of government in the fourth republic (1999 to 2012)
1.2 Statement of Problems
The fundamental of the application of the doctrine of separation of power in the presidential system of government tends to guarantee civil liberty and freedom of the citizens as well as eliminates tyrannical government.
Unfortunately, the period between May 1999 to date under which Nigeria has practiced presidential system of government, the state has experienced very severe abuses of the civil liberties and freedoms of the Nigerian citizen's as well as the promulgation of obnoxious laws which constitutes tyrannical system of government. It is these excesses usage of powers which branches the rules of law and separation of powers that these research works intend to address.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to critically assess the extent to which doctrine of separation of power is applied in Nigeria presidential system of government of the fourth republic (1999 to 2012) in other to guarantee the civil liberty and freedom of the citizens as well as elimination of tyranny in government of the Nigeria state.
1.4 Research Questions
- Does the application of the doctrine of separation of power in Nigeria presidential system of government in the fourth republic engender the protection of civil liberty and freedom of citizens in Nigeria?
- Does the application of doctrine of separation of powers in Nigeria presidential system of government in the fourth republic completely eliminate tyranny of governmental powers?
- Does true separation of power really exist in Nigeria presidential system of government of the fourth republic?
- Does separation of power really curtail the excessive usage of governmental powers by the president in the presidential system of the fourth republic?
1.5 Statement of Hypothesis
Hypothesis One
- H0: Presidential system of government does not encourage tyranny and abuse of power by the president.
- H1: Presidential systems of government encourage tyranny and abuse of power by the president.
Hypothesis Two
- H0: There is no true separation of power in the presidential system of government of the fourth republic.
- H1: There is true separation of power in the presidential system of government of the fourth republic.
Hypothesis Three
- H0: The application of doctrine of separation of power does not guarantee civil liberty and freedom or citizens in Nigerian fourth republic.
- H1: The application of doctrine of separation of power Guarantee's civil liberty and freedom of citizen's in the Nigeria fourth republic.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work when completed will be of paramount and tremendous benefit to the following:
- Students of Public Administration, Political Science and other students in the social sciences.
- Members of the three arms of government in federal, state and local government.
- It will also serve as reference materials for future researchers who may wish to research further on the topic or similar topics.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to Nigerian presidential system of government in the fourth republic (1999 — 2012) under the leadership of president' Olusegun Obasanjo, Umaru Musa yardua and Ebele Good luck Jonathan.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:
- Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
- Establishment Policies: Establishment policies posed a serious limitation as most staffs are not ready to release information needed for this project work. There were lots of information needed from the staffs of this institution to enhance the study which took them time to release or they did not release at all for security purposes, hence the scope was reduced.
- Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
- Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Separation of Power:
Is the division of governmental power in three main parts Viz: The executive arm of government, the legislature arm of government and the Judiciary Arm of Government, whose functions include policy making, policy implementation and law interpretation respectively.
The Presidential System Of Government:
Is the form of government in which the president is both the Head of state, government and also commander - in - chief of the arm forces.
Doctrine Of Separation Of Power:
Is a statement of government policy on the powers and functions of the various arms of government.
The Fourth Republic:
Is the fourth civilian government since independent which marked the first republic.
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