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The Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools

The Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools

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Reference ID: PS-25737-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "The Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Mathematics Education, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Review
  • 2.3 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.4 Empirical Studies

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Research Design
  • 3.3 Population of Study
  • 3.4 Sampling and Sampling Technique
  • 3.5 Validation of Research Instrument
  • 3.6 Method of Data Collection
  • 3.7 Method of Data Analysis
  • 3.8 Questionnaire Administration
  • 3.9 Ethical Consideration
  • 3.10 Statistical Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
  • 4.3 Re-statement of Research Questions
  • 4.4 Test of Hypotheses
  • 4.5 Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary of Findings
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation
  • 5.5 Suggestion for Further Study

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”

ABSTRACT

An instructional material is the series of equipment and materials used for teaching/learning by teachers to stimulate self-activity on the part of the pupils. The study was carried out to investigate The Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out to find out how frequently Mathematics teacher utilizes instructional materials during Mathematics lessons and determine the reason why the teacher do not use instructional materials. The research design used in this report is descriptive design, utilizing questionnaire method to obtain information from the respondents for this project. A total of 180 (one hundred and eighty) respondents were selected for this study to represent the entire population of the study. For null hypotheses were formulated and tested using the one-way ANOVA and the t-test statistical tools at zero point zero five (0.05) level of significance. Primary data were collected from the primary source which questionnaire was used as an instrument of data collection while secondary data were sources from textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet were employed. The data were presented on a frequency distribution table and analyzed using simple percentage, while hypothesis was tested using chi-square test. The significance of the study is to identify the importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Mathematics and how both the teacher and the learner can manipulate the instructional materials to achieve maximum learning objectives. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Teachers are invigorated to utilize different methods, strategies and techniques of teaching including the use of instructional materials, equipment, technology and others to facilitate effective teaching and develop positive attitude towards mathematics among students.


The Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Instructional materials can be referred to as the widely variety of equipment and materials used for teaching/learning by teachers to stimulate self-activity on the part of the pupils. Instructional materials include both visual and audio-visual equipments (Usman and Adewumi, 2006). Despite all these roles of instructional materials, most teachers still teach in our schools without instructional materials, reasons being that they are not available or some concepts do not require instructional materials. However some conceived that instructional materials cannot be improvised and some reason that instructional materials are too difficult to manipulate or that instructional materials waste a lot of time in the classroom.

As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitations of the Study and Definition of technical terms.


1.2 Background of Study

Instructional materials according to Emma and Ajayi (2004) are those things which help teaching and learning process. It helps to promote understanding of the concept and generalization by making lesson practical and realistic. Any teacher who has the interest of the student at heart is bound to think of the ways and means he will employ to make his teaching and learning process moiré effective and more interesting to the student. Health on the other hand, is been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) as a state of complete, physical, mental and social well being not merely the absent of disease or infirmity.

According to Odue (2011), Mathematics is a process of acquiring health information to make judgment on health behaviour and practices. Mathematics is sum of all experiences that will develop desirable attitudes, practices and knowledge of an individual, family of community health. The emphasis in Mathematics also includes a teaching and learning transaction between the health teachers and the recipient or student. According to Adeniyi (2000), the effect of instructional materials is to communicate more permanently, health related issues, and information is retained when supplemented with aid. Certainly instructional materials when carefully selected and skillfully used will make learning more effective.

However, man and animal possess the necessary abilities for learning. In other words they are potential learners. Certain factors within and outside the learner determine how effectively each individual learn. They are internal when they lie within the individual and external when they lie outside the learner or individual as the case may be. The use of instructional materials in teaching and learning at the primary school level help the learners to explore experiment, create and interact with the environment intensively. Copious uses of instructional materials help to provide learners with an enabling environment to learn Mathematics (Meremikwu, 2008). Instructional materials make teaching and learning more effective. They can be manipulated, seen, heard or talked about as instruments which facilitate such activity. Esu et al., (2004) stated that instructional materials are necessary ingredients in the development of any curriculum.

Mathematics is used as a basic entry requirement in any of the prestigious courses such as medicine, architecture and engineering among other degree programs. Despite the important role that mathematics plays in the society, there has been poor performance in Mathematics in Kenya National Examination (Aduda 2003). Several factors has been attributed to poor performance in mathematics among which are poor methods of teaching (Habour peters, 2001), poor interest in Mathematics (Badimas, 2002 & Bodo, 2004) and lack of appropriate instructional materials in teaching Mathematics at all levels of education(Gambari, 2010)

Instructional materials can be in different forms such as textual and non-textual, the visual the auditory and audio-visual. Witwoth and Benson (2003), indicate that there is a need for research on the use and effectiveness of instructional materials in Mathematics classroom that would enhances its teaching. Instructional materials hold some constitutive edge that makes them peculiar in teaching. For one thing, they give the teacher with interesting and satisfying platforms for providing information since they motivate students to want to learn more and more.

Therefore, in Nigeria where the research was carried out, the activities that was conducted is to know the Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools.


1.3 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed the effect of instructional materials in Mathematics instructions has been widely researched but many questions are still remains unanswered. The needs for exploring locally available materials as an alternative for the grossly unavailable materials in our schools, resourcefulness of the teacher must be in line with the learners’ curriculum and environment so that classroom teaching does not have to be retarded by lack of funds.

Hence, government must strive to develop her local technology in all its ramifications, since Mathematics is interested in providing solutions to man’s problems holistically. Many writers in Mathematics have pointed out the grossly unavailability of instructional materials coupled with teachers attitude towards the utilization during classroom teaching-learning situations. The problems are that; instructional materials not available in our schools, teachers are not improvising and reluctant in using them.


1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to investigate the Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To find out how frequently Mathematics teacher utilizes instructional materials during Mathematics lessons;
  2. To investigate the problem associated with these of instructional materials in Mathematics instruction;
  3. To determine the reason why the teacher do not use instructional materials;
  4. To examine the benefits of instructional materials to the student; and
  5. To identify suggested solutions to the problem of instructional materials.

1.5 Research Questions

The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:

  • How frequently do Mathematics teachers utilize instructional materials during Mathematics lesson?
  • What are the reasons why the teachers do not use instructional materials?
  • What are the benefits of instructional materials to the students?
  • What are the suggested solutions to the problems?
  • What are the problems associated with the effect of instructional materials in Mathematics instruction?

1.6 Research Hypothesis

In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.

Hypothesis One

  • H0: The achievement mean scores of students will not be significantly different in the experimental and control groups
  • H1: The achievement mean scores of students will be significantly different in the experimental and control groups

Hypothesis Two

  • H0: The achievement of students in Mathematics will not be significantly different based on their gender
  • H1: The achievement of students in Mathematics will be significantly different based on their gender

1.7 Significance of Study

The significance of the study is to identify the importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Mathematics and how both the teacher and the learner can manipulate the instructional materials to achieve maximum learning objectives.

The study would be a great importance to the ministry of education and the Delta State Government and society at large. It will certainly help the ministry too to identify the basic instructional materials for teaching and learning of Mathematics. This is equally of great importance to the students, since it will help them to identify the instructional materials that are lacking in their school and make necessary provision for them.

Justification of Study

  1. Learning is more meaningful to the child through the effect of instructional materials.
  2. Teachers who use instructional materials are more effective in their teaching than those who do not make the effect of instructional materials.
  3. Instructional materials are so expensive and difficult to make.
  4. A lot of teachers teach in abstraction.
  5. It is the duty of the ministry of education to supply or provide instructional materials to school.
  6. It is only the student in training that makes the effect of the instructional materials in order to pass their examination.
  7. Enough instructional materials are not being used in primary and post primary school in Delta State.

1.8 Scope of Study

The scope of the research is focused on the Effect of Instructional Materials on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Secondary Schools using Warri-South Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study.


1.9 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
  2. Research material: availability of research material is a major setback to the scope of the study.
  3. Frequent power failure: This made the researcher append more money on fuel to ensure sustainable power.
  4. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

1.10 Definition of Terms

Instructional Materials: Things that help teaching and learning process to be more effective and efficient.

Health: As a complete state of physical, mental social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease.

Education: Process of requiring information, instruction, knowledge and skills that brings about attitudinal change in the behaviour of an individual.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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