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The Effectiveness of Drainage Network on Floods

The Effectiveness of Drainage Network on Floods

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “The Effectiveness of Drainage Network on Floods” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Geology for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on The Effectiveness of Drainage Network on Floods provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Background of Study
  • 1.2 Statement of the Problem
  • 1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 Scope of Study
  • 1.6 Limitations of the study
  • 1.7 Significance of Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Conceptual Framework
  • 2.3 Sustainable City Development Concept
  • 2.4 Theoretical Framework
  • 2.5 Literature Survey
  • 2.5.1 Flooding
  • 2.5.2 Causes of Flooding
  • 2.6 Effects of Flooding
  • 2.7 Solutions to the Problems of Flooding

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Study Area
  • 3.3 Geology and Drainage
  • 3.4 Population and Human Activities
  • 3.5 Land Use
  • 3.6 Methodology
  • 3.7 Reconnaissance Survey
  • 3.8 Types of Data
  • 3.9 Sources of Data
  • 3.10 Methods and Procedure of Data Collection
  • 3.11 Questionnaire administration and Sampling techniques
  • 3.12 Technique of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Socioeconomic Profile of Respondents
  • 4.3 Frequency and Intensity of Flood in Calabar
  • 4.4 Drainage Width, Depth And Flood (Runoff) in Calabar Metropolis
  • 4.5 Environmental States of Drainage Systems In Calabar
  • 4.6 Perceived Causes of Inadequate Drainage Networks in Calabar
  • 4.7 Quality of Drainage Networks
  • 4.8 Effects of Poor Drainage Network on the Environment/Infrastructure

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Summary
  • 5.3 Conclusion
  • 5.4 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A - “QUESTIONNAIRE”


ABSTRACT

The study examined the effects of drainage networks on floods in Calabar metropolis, Nigeria. The rapid increase in urbanization without corresponding infrastructures in the city of Calabar has led to increased incidences of flood as the available drainage channels cannot contend with the volume of storm water. In view of this, the study established gauging stations for the measurement of drainage run off using measuring steel tape. And the volume of flood water was measured using stop watch method (Velocity of flow) and copies of questionnaire were administered to 400 households proportionally to the seven sample units. In view of the study objectives, it determines the relationship between drainage width and depth and floods. In addition, varied descriptive statistics tools were used to give a spot on assessment and understanding of the variables of interest. In view of the response of the gauging and physical measurement, it was established that Calabar experience heavy rainfall due to poor drainage facilities The result revealed that about 47% of the respondents said flood occur every year in their zone and 41.75% said it occurred most parts of the year. The frequency of flood is compounded with it’s intensity as over 59% of the sampled population agreed that flood of the sampled population agreed that flood intensity is very high in Calabar. The result further showed that the factors of flood occurrence in the study area is linked to heavy rainfall (26.3%), inadequate drainage channel (22%) poor physical planning (15.5%) among others. On the perceived causes of inadequate drainage channel, the result indicated that abuse of land use plans (28.7%) was a major factor followed by poor monitoring and evaluation of project (21.5%). The study also revealed that the drainage were very narrow and shallows as shown in frequent floods in the city. The incessant flood often leads to water inundating compounds (64.5%), preventing people from going out (11.25%), distortion of the scenic beauty of the environment (6.25%), landslide (4.75%). Based on these findings, the study recommended that since Calabar is located in a tropical zone characterized by heavy rainfall the government should take proactive measure to mitigate storm water. The present drainage systems should be cleared with shovel by the people on a regular basis to allow for a free flow of storm water. State department of town planning should live up to their bidding by ensuring total compliance to urban ordinance to forestall incessant floods and destruction of properties in the city of Calabar.


The Effectiveness of Drainage Network on Floods

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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