The Perception of Social Media Antagonism on Youth Development in Nigeria

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

The evolution of social media has significantly shaped youth development in Nigeria, influencing communication, education, and social interactions. The history of social media dates back to the early 2000s when platforms such as Friendster, MySpace, and Hi5 emerged as the first global online networking sites (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). However, the introduction of Facebook in 2004 and subsequent platforms like Twitter (2006), WhatsApp (2009), Instagram (2010), and TikTok (2016) revolutionized digital communication, making social media an essential part of everyday life (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).

In Nigeria, the adoption of social media accelerated with the expansion of internet accessibility and mobile technology. The launch of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) in 2001 marked a turning point, providing Nigerians, especially the youth, with affordable mobile devices and internet access (Akinola, 2020). With the rise of affordable smartphones and the penetration of social media, Nigerian youths quickly embraced these platforms for self-expression, networking, and economic activities. Chiluwa & Ifukor (2015) stated that the impact of social media on youth development became more pronounced in the 2010s, as platforms were increasingly used for educational purposes, activism, and digital entrepreneurship. Movements like #BringBackOurGirls in 2014 and #EndSARS in 2020 demonstrated the power of social media in mobilizing youth for social change (Chiluwa & Ifukor, 2015).

Social media has become an integral part of modern society, influencing how individuals communicate, interact, and develop socially and intellectually. The advent of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok has transformed how young people access information, form opinions, and engage in social and economic activities (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). In Nigeria, the youth population is particularly active on social media, using these platforms for education, entrepreneurship, political participation, and entertainment. However, the perception of social media's impact on youth development remains a subject of debate.

According to Lerner et al. (2005), youth development encompasses the processes that prepare young individuals for productive adulthood, including cognitive, social, emotional, and vocational growth (Lerner et al., 2005). While some scholars argue that social media fosters learning, self-expression, and civic engagement, others raise concerns about its potential to promote misinformation, cyberbullying, and addictive behaviors (Boyd, 2014). In Ilorin metropolis, like many urban areas in Nigeria, social media has become a primary tool for youth interaction, shaping their worldviews and influencing their aspirations.

The growing accessibility of the internet and mobile devices has further amplified the role of social media in youth culture. According to Statista (2022), Nigeria has one of the highest numbers of social media users in Africa, with young people being the dominant demographic. This widespread usage has significant implications for youth development, particularly in terms of education, career opportunities, and social relationships. However, there is a need to examine how social media is perceived in relation to these developmental aspects, especially within the unique sociocultural context of Ilorin metropolis.

According to Kaplan & Haenlein (2010), social media refers to digital platforms that enable users to create, share, and exchange information through virtual networks (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). These platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, have transformed communication, interaction, and information dissemination globally. In Nigeria, the rise of social media has significantly impacted various aspects of youth development, shaping their education, career opportunities, political engagement, and social interactions.

Youth development encompasses the processes that prepare young individuals to meet the challenges of adolescence and adulthood through education, skill acquisition, and social participation (Lerner et al., 2005). Social media plays a crucial role in this process, serving as a tool for learning, networking, and self-expression. However, while it presents opportunities for empowerment and innovation, concerns have emerged regarding its influence on mental health, academic performance, and cultural values among Nigerian youths.

In Ilorin metropolis, where internet penetration continues to grow, social media has become a dominant force in shaping youth perspectives and behaviors. The way young people engage with these platforms influences their cognitive, emotional, and social development. While some view social media as a means of self-improvement and career advancement, others argue that excessive usage fosters misinformation, cyberbullying, and distraction from productive activities. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the perception of social media on youth development in Ilorin metropolis.

1.2 Statement of Problems

Investigation revealed that social media is exposing young people to both beneficial and harmful content. While it provides access to knowledge, skill development, and networking opportunities, it is also a platform where misinformation spreads rapidly, shaping perceptions and behaviors in ways that are not always constructive (Chiluwa & Ifukor, 2015). The pressure to conform to online trends and lifestyles is affecting the self-esteem and aspirations of many youths, potentially diverting them from meaningful personal growth and career advancement (Twenge & Campbell, 2019).

Another pressing issue is that social media is redefining communication patterns among youths. Face-to-face interactions are decreasing as digital conversations dominate, raising concerns about the long-term effects on interpersonal skills and real-world social connections (Turkle, 2015). Additionally, the rise of cyberbullying, online fraud, and digital addiction is posing threats to the mental and emotional well-being of young people, affecting their overall productivity and sense of security (Ndashe et al., 2020). It is against the backdrop that this study seeks to explore the perceptions of youths in Ilorin metropolis regarding the role of social media in their development.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of this study is to examine the perception of social media on youth development in Nigeria, using Ilorin metropolis as a case study. To achieve this aim, the study has the following objectives:

1. To assess the extent of social media usage among youths in Ilorin metropolis.
2. To examine the perceived positive impacts of social media on youth development, including education, entrepreneurship, and social networking.
3. To identify the perceived negative effects of social media on youth development, such as cyberbullying, misinformation, and addiction.
4. To investigate how social media influences the social behavior and interpersonal relationships of young people.
5. To provide recommendations on how social media can be harnessed effectively for the positive development of youths in Ilorin metropolis.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the stated objectives, this study seeks to answer the following research questions:

• To what extent do youths in Ilorin metropolis use social media?
• What are the perceived positive impacts of social media on youth development, particularly in areas such as education, entrepreneurship, and social networking?
• What are the perceived negative effects of social media on youth development, including issues like cyberbullying, misinformation, and addiction?
• How does social media influence the social behavior and interpersonal relationships of young people in Ilorin metropolis?
• What strategies can be recommended to ensure that social media is effectively harnessed for the positive development of youths in Ilorin metropolis?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Based on the stated objectives, the research study formulates the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis One

• H0: Social media usage has no significant impact on youth development in Ilorin metropolis
• H1: Social media usage has a significant impact on youth development in Ilorin metropolis

Hypothesis Two

• H0: Social media negatively influences youth development in areas such as education, entrepreneurship, and social networking.
• H1: Social media positively influences youth development in areas such as education, entrepreneurship, and social networking.

1.6 Significance of Study

The outcome of this research will help educators and policymakers understand the role of digital platforms in shaping the academic, entrepreneurial, and social lives of young people. It will also assist parents and guardians in guiding youths toward responsible social media usage while maximizing its benefits for personal and professional growth.

Furthermore, the research will contribute to existing literature, offering a localized perspective on the relationship between social media and youth development in Nigeria. It will also help social media companies and content creators tailor their platforms to promote positive engagement among young users.

1.7 Scope of Study

The scope of this study focuses on the perception of social media on youth development in Nigeria, with specific reference to Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. It examines how young people in this region engage with social media platforms and the impact of these platforms on their education, social interactions, career development, and overall well-being. The study considers the perspectives of youths, educators, policymakers, and media experts within Ilorin to understand both the positive and negative influences of social media.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The limitations of this study were influenced by several factors that affected the research process.

1. Insufficient data was a challenge as not all respondents provided comprehensive answers, which limited the depth of analysis.
2. Frequent power failures in some areas disrupted online surveys and data collection, causing delays in response time.
3. Additionally, some respondents were reluctant to participate, leading to delays that affected the study's timeline.
4. Financial constraints were another limitation, as the cost of transportation and data collection tools restricted the ability to gather a larger sample size.
5. Time constraints also impacted the study, as the research period was limited, preventing a more extensive investigation into long-term social media effects on youth development.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Social Media:

Social media refers to online platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with content in real time. It includes networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, which influence communication, entertainment, and information sharing (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).

Youth Development:

Youth development is a process that prepares young people for adulthood by equipping them with skills, knowledge, and opportunities to participate actively in society. It encompasses education, employment, social interactions, and personal growth (Lerner et al., 2005).

Perception:

Perception refers to the way individuals interpret and make sense of experiences or information. In this study, it relates to how young people in Ilorin metropolis understand and evaluate the role of social media in their development (Schacter et al., 2011).

Metropolis:

A metropolis is a large, densely populated urban area that serves as a central hub for economic, cultural, and political activities. Ilorin metropolis, the focus of this study, is a key city in Nigeria known for its diverse population and growing technological influence (National Population Commission, 2006).