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The Subsurface Maps and Their Applications in the Oil Industry

The Subsurface Maps and Their Applications in the Oil Industry

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “The Subsurface Maps and Their Applications in the Oil Industry” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Geology for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on The Subsurface Maps and Their Applications in the Oil Industry provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Basic Definition

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Types of subsurface maps
  • 2.1 Structure contour maps
  • 2.2 Isopach maps
  • 2.3 Isochore maps
  • 2.4 Cross sections

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Petrophysics/seismic interpretation data
  • 3.1 Use of seismic in constructing structure Isopach maps
  • 3.2 Use of Log in constructing Isopach/Isochore maps

CHAPTER FOUR

  • 4.0 Application of subsurface maps

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Subsurface maps; A case study from Geofizika in Southeastern Cameroon Area.

CHAPTER SIX

  • Summary / Conclusion

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

Seismic interpretation data and applications are the key element of a rapid technological evolution in the remote sensing of the subsurface maps that has resulted in geoscientists movement from data poor to data rich Stewart, S. A. 1999. The proliferation of subsurface data has profoundly affected the productivity of oil exploration of industry within last two decade. This is radically improved of the ability to predict what lies beneath the earth surface, exploration and production. Log in construction maps (well) are the supplemented by 2-D data (seismic section and maps) in the 1950s and by 3-D seismic data from the 1970s onwards Davies R. I., Bell B. R. and shoulders S. (2002). However, the evolution of the point are the essentially dealt with a seismic constructions maps without the used of fourth dimension-time and the advent of a recent recorded change in the subsurface due to hydrocarbon extraction overtime. Today, exploration involves the extraction of more geological information from the seismic signals than ever before (Leadholm et al 1985).


The Subsurface Maps and Their Applications in the Oil Industry

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Subsurface maps are perhaps the most important vehicle used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, the subject of subsurface mapping is probably the least discussed of interpretation and the construction of structure/Isopach maps, yet most important aspect of petroleum exploration and development. As a field developed from its initial discovery, a large volume of well, seismic and production data are obtained. With these data, the accuracy of the subsurface interpretation is improved through time.

The most accurate interpretation for any specifics oil and gas field can be prepared only after the field has been extensively drilled and most of the hydrocarbons have been depleted. However accurate and reliable subsurface interpretations and maps are required throughout all exploration and development activities.

1.2 Basic Definitions

  1. Surface Mapping:

    Is a way to visualize various geologic and hydrologic features in any dimension for a 1-D cross section to a 4-D production map.

  2. Seismic Data:

    is a method of exploration, geophysics that used the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the earth subsurface from reflected seismic waves.

  3. Seismic Interpretation:

    Is the determination of the geological significance of seismic data.

  4. Seismic Stratigraphy:

    Is a techniques for interpreting stratigraphic information from seismic data.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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