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Use of SinglePoint Resistance and SP Logging in Groundwater Investigation

Use of Single-Point Resistance and SP Logging in Groundwater Investigation

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Reference ID: PS-2060-TM

DEDICATION

This research work titled "Use of Single-Point Resistance and SP Logging in Groundwater Investigation" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Geology, Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.


Use of Single-Point Resistance and SP Logging in Groundwater Investigation

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Water is one of the abundant and widely used natural resources available to man. Many communities obtain the water they need from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, sometime using aqueduct or canals to bring water from distant surface sources. Another source of water lies directly beneath most towns. This resource is groundwater, the water that lies beneath the ground surface. The origin of water is traced to the process of the hydrologic cycle. When rain falls on the land surface as precipitation, more than half of the water returns rather rapidly to the atmosphere by evaporation or transportation from plants. The remainder either flows over the land surface as runoff to streams, rivers, and lakes, or soaks into the ground by infiltration to form groundwater. Rivers stream and lakes make up the surface occurrence while those that sink into the ground make up subsurface occurrence called ground water.

Groundwater is the water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling the pore spaces between grains in bodies of sediment and clastic sedimentary rocks and filling cracks crevices in all types of rocks (Plummer et al 1999). The subsurface zone in which all rocks opening are filled with water is saturated zone. The upper surface of the saturated zone is the water table. Groundwater is unfortunately not evenly distributed everywhere. The distribution of ground water depends on large extent upon the types and depth of occurrences (Oseji, 2010). Ground water in its natural state tends to be relatively free of contaminants in most areas. Because it is a widely used source of drinking water, the contamination of groundwater can be a very serious problem (Plummer et al., 1999). Groundwater can be contaminated by pesticides and herbicides (such as diazion, atarzine DEA and 2, 4, D) applied to agricultural crops Can find their way into groundwater when rain or irrigation water leaches the contaminants downward into the soil; Liquid and solid wastes from septic tanlas, sewage plants and animal. Feedlots and slaughterhouse may contain bacteria viruses, and parasite that can contaminate groundwater.

Ground exploitation sometime often result in failed and abortive borehole because of lack of preliminary geophysical investigation required to map and locate prolific zones within the aquifers (Atakpo et al., 2008). In order to avoid such an occurrence and to increase the probability of drilling successful and sustainable borehole, it becomes pertinent and economically wise to carry out prior geophysical investigation. Borehole electrical resistivity and spontaneous potential method is based on the variable resistance in surface materials to the conduction of electrical current depending on materials to the conduction of electrical current depending on variation in fluid content, density and chemical composition of the composition (Paransis, 1986). Recently other electrical geophysical method such as electro-magmatic induction (EM) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) becomes increasingly popular.

1.1 Location of the Study Area

Otor-Jeremi is the headquarters of Ughelli south local government area of delta state, which came into existence on the 23rd of September, 1997 following the splitting of the defunct ughelli local government area into two, north and south local government areas. She lies between latitude 5o 58139. 011N and 5o 581 3011E and longitude 5o 301 5311N and 6o 011 04 511E. The local government area is made of six major clans namely Ughievwen, Ewu, Olomu, Effurun-otor, Okparabe and Arhavweren which make up the eleven wards of the local government area.

Fig 1: Map of Otor-Jeremi (the diagram is in the complete material is in the complete material which you will get before the end of this article


1.2 Aims and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to assess the Use of Single-Point Resistance and SP Logging in Groundwater Investigation. In achieving this aim, the following specific objectives were laid out as follows:

  1. To determine the lithology of the subsurface using spontaneous potential log.
  2. To determine or identify the aquifer, depths and thickness of the rock using spontaneous potential log.
  3. To determine the quality of water based on total dissolved solids using single point resistance log.
  4. To determine the portability of the water.

1.3 Scope of the Study

This research work is limited to acquiring of field data using single point resistance log to evaluation of the quality of water based on total dissolved solid (TDS) and the lithology of the subsurface using spontaneous potential log.


1.4 Limitations of the Study

During the course of this study, many things militated against its completion, some of which are:

  1. Time Constraint: The time frame given to accomplish this project was very short due to school academic calendar and it was carried out under pressure which made the researcher not to implement some necessary features.
  2. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …

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