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Carbotage Law and It's Effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime IndustryProject / Seminar Material Reference ID: PS-392-TM |
This research work titled "Carbotage Law and It’s Effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime Industry" is dedicated to God for his enabling grace and to all computer enthusiasts who help to make life a pleasant experience.
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I owe my indebtedness to my Supervisor (Name of your Supervisor), the Head of Department (Name of your HOD), the Lecturers in the department of Industrial Relations and Personnel Management (IRPM), Book Authors and Profound Scholars of existing/related research material for your moral support that facilitated the successful completion of my (Tertiary Institution level). I am grateful to God Almighty and my parent for their financial support in my career. I really appreciate you all for everything, Thank you very much.
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PRELIMINARY PAGES
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
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The place of effective Carbotage Law in the seemingly porous and loose marine transport system in Nigeria cannot be pushed to the dark. Globally, shipping plays an important part in the economic life of nations. This is because it provides an inexpensive way of carrying people and goods from one place to the other, compared with other modes of transport. It may be between one country and another or even within a particular country, moving from one coast to the other. The demand for shipping is an indirect one as it is not demanded as an end in itself, but only as a means to an end. In other words, it is a derived demand, since it does not create its own demand, but its demand is derived from trade in goods (Walter, 2010).
Generally, shipping activities have been going on for a very long time. The first known sea trade network was developed about 5,000 years ago between Mesopotamia, Bahrain and the Indus River in Western India (Stopford, 2009). In modern times, shipping has assumed an important position in the carriage of goods and passengers across the globe. It constitutes an important component in world trade, carrying about 90% by volume of cargoes generated globally.
The modern international maritime transport system falls into three zones: interregional transport, which covers deep-sea shipping; short-sea shipping, which transports cargoes of short distances and often distributes cargoes brought in by deep-sea services; and inland transport (Stopford, 2009).
Deep-sea shipping is the only economic transport between the continental landmasses for high-volume inter-regional cargoes. On the other hand, short-sea shipping provides transport within regions. It involves distribution of cargo delivered to regional centres by deep-sea vessels. However, short-sea shipping is subject to many political restrictions, one of which is cabotage, the practice of enacting laws. which reserve coastal trade to ships of the national fleet of a particular country (Stopford, 2009).
Ocean shipping is one of those three vital economic areas whose indigenous control or lack of it may make or mar the fortunes of a country's socio-political independence. Of the other two — banking and insurance — significant progress at such control has been made in Nigeria. In the case of ocean shipping, Nigeria is still to have effective control in this area covering the supply and pricing of the services to the country.
Generally, over the years, various countries have sought to protect their citizens by restricting participation in key sectors of the economy to the citizens, usually through restrictive/protectionist policies and although shipping is international, the maritime industries of some nations have not been immune from such policies. An instance of this is the restriction of participation in the coastal carriage of cargo of a maritime nation to the exclusive preserve of its citizens, otherwise known as cabotage (Agidee, 2003).
Maritime transport is very central to the Nigerian economy. This centrality is underscored by the very nature and structure of Nigeria's international trade. Nigeria's economy can be said to depend largely on the efficiency of international trade and commerce. Consequently, the development of maritime transport capacity becomes important for the utilization of human resources found in the length and breadth of the country (NIMASA, 2009).
Realizing this importance, successive governments in Nigeria since independence have made considerable efforts through various policy strategies and administrative measures to encourage indigenous shipping capacity development, even in the face of threats from developed countries that have always monopolized the trade. The climax of all these efforts was the promulgation of the National Shipping Policy Decree 10 of 1987 by the Federal Military Government. Thus, the National Maritime Authority was established to coordinate the implementation of the shipping policy.
This move was necessitated by the desire to fully promote and develop the nation's maritime resources, protect and encourage the utilization of local technologies and personnel as well as generate accruable revenue for national development. Furthermore, in order to ensure the development of domestic shipping in Nigeria, through the empowerment of Nigerians to be able to handle all aspects of coastal and inland waterways transport, the Coastal and Inland Shipping (Cabotage) Act was enacted in May 2003.
Now twelve years after the promulgation of the Cabotage Act, indigenous shipping development seems not to have improved, rather, it seems to be worsening. Fleet expansion has not been achieved; instead there has been a considerable depletion of the national fleet. More also is the envisaged idea that the Cabotage Act would promote the use of local personnel and therefore be a stategy to create job opportunities for the teaming unemployed Nigerians, this however is yet to be seen as the rate of unemployment has skyrocket in the time view. It is in the light of this that the researcher wishes to examine the Carbotage Law and its effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime Industry with a special reference to Tin-Can Island Port and to identify what has been responsible for the unimpressive performance of the local shipping lines in Nigeria's shipping trade, especially coastal shipping.
The main objective of this study is to examine Carbotage Law and its effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime Industry. Other specific objectives include:
The study came up with research questions so as to be able to ascertain the above stated objectives. The specific research questions for the study are stated below as follows:
In order to pursue the objective of this study, the following generalized statements have been designed to guide and aids in obtaining the result for the experiment to be conducted. For this work, the null hypothesis will be represented with H0 while the alternative hypothesis will be represented with hypothesis H1.
Hypotheses 1:
Hypotheses 2:
Cabotage law is principally a protective law that safeguards local shipping interests in the carriage of locally generated cargo. The law restricts the participation of foreign shipping companies in the carriage of such locally generated cargo.
Now, it is anticipated that the analytical, conceptual and empirical studies will be a furtherance of understanding of salient issues relating to Cabotage law in the Nigerian maritime competitive business environment.
The study will also serve as a useful tool for students of the University of Lagos, who would want to carry out further research in this domain. It would also be useful to human resource managers. The study would be significant to policy makers and implementers in the maritime subsector of the Nigerian economy, as they will make use of the findings and recommendations of this study.
The scope of coverage of the study is the shipping industry in Nigeria with a special focus on the Carbotage Law and its effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime Industry and having Tin-Can Island Port in Lagos as its study area. The time scope for the study is rather short, as it has not been possible to carry out a fully detailed study within the stipulated period.
During the course of this research study, a lot of constraints and limitations might be encountered. Collection of primary data for this study may pose a major constraint, as the researcher has to be on the field personally in all the administration and collection of data processes.
Financial constraints may also pose a major limitation during the investigation. The researcher would want to carry on the same type of investigation in a similar firm within the same industry but for financial constraints. Time is another limitation that might be encountered during the course of the study. Sometimes, secondary data collected may not be reliable, hence will be rejected.
The study shall be segmented into five chapters. The chapter one contains the general introduction, research problem; objectives of the study, scope of study, significance, e.t.c. Chapter two concentrates on review of relevant literature on Carbotage Law and its effect on Human Resource Utilization in the Maritime Industry. Chapter three shall explain the research method adopted for the study while chapter four will focus on the analysis of hypotheses and chapter five contains the summary of the study; conclusion drawn and recommendations.
The following are the operational definition of terminologies used in the study;
Cabotage law:
In the context of this study it reffers to protective law that safeguards local shipping interests in the carriage of locally generated cargo. The law restricts the participation of foreign shipping companies in the carriage of such locally generated cargo.
NIMASA:
Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency.
NPA:
Nigerian Ports Authority
NNPC:
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
Protectionism:
Are legislation put in place by the government to encourage indigenous participation of Nigerians in the maritime business.
Human Resource Utilization:
It defines the degree of involvement of Nigerians in the country's maritime frontier.
This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the …