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Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks

Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Architecture for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.




Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks


1.0 Introduction

This research work means to determine the different properties of sandcastle blocks moulded with a locally excavated sand, in terms of compressive strength, durability and cost and economic importance, and that of River Sand. And after, compare the two strengths of the sandcrete which will help in recommending the right give the desired strength for the designed strength for a particular purpose.

NSUDE as case study, Nsude is in Udi, Enugu west, Enugu State.

1.1 Background Of The Study

Sandcrete is a yellow-white building material made from a binder (Portland cement), sand in a ratio of circa 1:8, and water. Sometime other ingredients may be added to reduce the amount of Portland cement such as “pozzolanas and rice husk ash”. Sandcrete is similar but weaker than mortan for which the ratio is 1:5.

Sandcrete is usually used as hollow rectangular blocks similar to concrete masonry units, often 45cm (18”) wide, 15cm (5.9”) thick and 30cm (12”) with hollows that run from top to bottom and occupy around one third of the volume of the block.


1.2 Strength And Usage

The final compressive strength of sandcrete can be as high as 4.6N/mm2 which is much less than concrete's 40N/mm2. Sandcrete is unsuitable for load-bearing columns, and is mainly used for walling of a house

  • Making a fence
  • Septic tank and soak away tanks
  • Building a generator's house.

In Nigeria, measured strength of commercial available sandcrete blocks was found to be between 0.5 and 1N/mm2, which is well below the 3.5N/mm2 that is legally required. This development may be due to the need of the manufacturers to keep the price low, and since the main cost-factor is the Portland cement, they reduce that, which results in a block that starts behaving more like loose sand.


1.3 Sandcrete Block Sizes

They are many different types of blocks used in modern building, they include:

  • 9” hollow blocks (450mmx225mmx225mm)
  • 6” hollow blocks (450mmx150mmx225mm)
  • 6” solid blocks (450mmx150mmx225mm)
  • 5” solid blocks (450mmx125mmx225mm)
  • 9” solid blocks (450mmx225mmx225mm)

1.4 Constituent Materials Of Sandcrete Blocks

These include cement, fine aggregate (sharp sand) and water.


1.4.1 Cement

This refers to any adhesive and the material used in connection with block and it is referred to as “hydraulic cement” because the setting and hardening depends on the preserve of water. The cement widely used in civil work is called “Ordinary Portland Cement”.


1.4.2 Fine Aggregate

The two major types of sand used are white and coloured sand. The sand were not free from materials such as dust, silt, tree roots etc. The sources of sand include pits, rivers and sea.


1.4.3 Water

Any type of water available can be used to mould sandcrete blocks. This includes water from stream, rivers, boreholes etc.


1.5 Statement Of The Problem

Apart from bad mixing ratios, which happen even some sandcrete blocksproducers add more yield of blocks, some other things can cause blocks to be in bad condition which can affect the quality of the sandcrete produced.


1.5.1 Using Of Bad Cement

Due to the prevailing adverse economic conditions, some sandcrete block makers tend to go for very cheap cement which may not have the required quality to bind a solid block. These block break soon after they are made. Some cement sellers who had cement keptin stock for so long sell it at give away price to the sandcrete block makers if the notice that the quality of the cement has detoriated.


1.5.2 Re-Bag Cement

Another thing to note with cement is that some cement sellers re-bag cement, removing some quantity of cement or put low quality cement product in a bag of a high quality and trust cement brand. Theration you thought you are using to produce a given quality has been compromised and it will produce a low quality block that can easily break even before it is being used for the project.


1.6 The Objective Of The Study

This project research will help us to understand the different strength of sandcrete blocks produced with locally excavated sand and River sand.

This will also help to know the properties of Nsude sand after laboratory test has been carried out.

This will help us in determining the moulding methods and properties of sandcrete blocks. These properties are determined by the ratio of block constituents such as cement, water and sand.


1.7 Scope Of The Study

The scope of this research work is limited to obtaining the comparison of locally excavated sand with River sand in terms of strength in sandcrete blocks.(Nsude as case study).


1.8 Significance Of The Study

The significance of this research is stated as follows:

  1. To help us understand the strength of sandcrete blocks produced with locally excavated sand and River sand in Nsude.
  2. To help us determine the properties of Nsude sand after carrying out laboratory test.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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In preparation for defending a project or seminar on Comparison of Locally Excavated Sand with River Sand in Terms of Strength in Sandcrete Blocks, it is imperative that as a nursing student, you demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of your research. The defense process is structured to include presenting your work, answering questions, and illustrating its pertinence. Initially, provide a succinct yet thorough introduction to your research topic, emphasizing its importance and the objectives, ensuring that both the audience and the External Examiner can understand the scope of your study.


Prior to your defense, be thoroughly acquainted with your research abstract and the critical elements of Chapter One, including motivation for embarking on this research, problem statement, objectives, and significance. In Chapter Two, be ready to cite at least two references from the literature review. For Chapter Three, you should be equipped to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques utilized. In Chapter Four, defend your research by justifying the findings and linking them to your research objectives.


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