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Determination of Hardness of Well Water Supply

Determination of Hardness of Well Water Supply

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Determination of Hardness of Well Water Supply” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Science Laboratory Technology (SLT) for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Determination of Hardness of Well Water Supply provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Background of the study
  • 1.2 Statement of the problem
  • 1.3 Objective of the study
  • 1.4 Limitation of the study
  • 1.5 Signification of the study

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.0 Literature Review
  • 2.1 Functions of Water
  • 2.2 Chemical Properties of Water
  • 2.3 Hardness of Well Water
  • 2.4 Causes of Hardness of Water
  • 2.5 Types of Hardness of Water
  • 2.6 Effect of water hardness on Material
  • 2.7 Effect of Water Hardness on Aquatic life
  • 2.8 The Concept of EDTA Method of Hard water Analysis

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Methodology
  • 3.1 Materials
  • 3.2 Water Sample Collection
  • 3.3 Reagent Preparation
  • 3.4 Water Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Results

CHAPTER FIVE

  • 5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
  • 5.1 Discussion
  • 5.2 Conclusion
  • 5.3 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX


ABSTRACT

The hardness of well water in Enugu metropolis (Asata, Coal Camp and New Haven) was determined using complexometric titration with EDTA (Ethylene Diaminetetracetic Acid) which is the most widely used complexing agent for the analysis of water hardness. During titration, indicator such as Erichrome Black-T was used which acts a triprotic acid. The following result were revealed after the analysis. The average amount of calcium and magnesium are as follows respectively. In Asata, it was 2.48mg/L for calcium and magnesium was 0.592mg/L = 3.072mg/L. Coal camp for calcium was 2.68mg/L and magnesium 2.68mg/L = 5.36mg/L whereas in New Haven, calcium was 2.48mg/L and magnesium 0.46mg/L = 2.94mg/L.

With the results of the analysis shown, it was found that coal camp has high well water hardness because of its high degree of soil texture and soil pH. It can be vividly conclude that calcium and magnesium concentration in the water samples from these areas under study are above the standards set by World Health Organization and Water Quality Association. These increase result to soap solution forming a white precipitate instead of producing lathers when washing, this is because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap. Continuous consumption of these hard waters may increase the rate of cardiovascular disease and mortality among people due to the high presence of calcium and Magnesium.


Determination of Hardness of Well Water Supply

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

… As a prelude to other parts of this study, this chapter will discuss the background upon which this study was initiated, the statement of problems that led to this study, the Aim and Objectives of the study. Others are Significance of the study, Scope of work, Research hypothesis and questions, Limitation of the study and Definition of technical terms.…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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