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Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat

Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Animal Science for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.




PRELIMINARY PAGES


CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.0 Introduction
  • 1.1 Objectives of the Research

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • 2.1 Characteristics of the Cane Rat
  • 2.2 Distribution and Habitat of the Cane rat
  • 2.3 Physical Description
  • 2.4 Haematological and Biochemical Values in the Cane Rats
  • 2.5 Reasons for Losses in Captive Cane rats
  • 2.6 Gastrointestinal Helminthes
  • 2.7 Blood Protozoan Parasites
  • 2.8 Economic Potentials of the Cane rats
  • 2.9 Nutrients Derived from Cane rat Meat
  • 2.10 Processing of Cane Rat Meat
  • 2.11 Microbiology of the Cane rat Meat
  • 2.12 Factors that affect the Growth of Microorganisms in Cane Rat Meat
  • 2.12.1 Temperature
  • 2.12.2 pH
  • 2.12.3 Nutrients
  • 2.12.4 Water Availability
  • 2.12.5 Spoilage of Meat

CHAPTER THREE

  • Materials and Methods
  • 3.1 Sample Collection
  • 3.2 Preparation of Agar
  • 3.2.1 Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for mould evaluation
  • 3.2.2 Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacterial evaluation
  • 3.3 Microbiological analysis
  • 3.4 Characteristics of the bacterial isolates
  • 3.5 Identification of Bacterial and fungal Isolates
  • 3.6 Statistical analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Results

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion

CHAPTER SIX

  • Conclusion and Recommendation
  • 6.1 Conclusion
  • 6.2 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX



ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial status of fresh and processed cane rat along the unit operation in some selected markets in Benin City, Nigeria. Fresh cane rats were obtained from the different markets which are from the three local government areas that is, Oredo, Egor and Ikpoba-Okha which make up Benin City, while the Control cane rat was processed in the Faculty of Agriculture laboratory. Direct plate method was done by taking swabs with a sterile swab stick at different points during the processing line was used for the microbial evaluation to determine the total bacteria and fungi (mould) count of the various cane rat samples. The result shows the total bacteria population from the various markets as follows: Control (191cfu/g), New Benin (199cfu/g), Uwa (192cfu/g) and Abico (220cfu/g). While the total fungal count, was in New Benin (41cfu/g). There was however, no fungal recorded for samples from other markets and the Control.

The mean microbial population along the processing line shows that the whole unprocessed cane rat has the highest microbial count of 60.75cfu/g, followed by after washing 59.50cfu/g, and after evisceration 47.00cfu/g and after scalding 33.25cfu/g. The analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference (P



Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat


1.0 Introduction

Globally, wildlife has great potentials for meat production and serves as an important source of the highly desired animal protein to the people of Africa, both in urban areas and rural communities (Fonweban and Njiwe, 1990). The preference for such merit or the meat of commercially available game animals is widely accepted (Baptist and Mengah, 1986). However, with ever increasing human population and obvious protein shortage in Africa, there is the need for an exploration of other means to provide readily accepted meat or short terms basis.

Among the wild rodents, the cane rat, or cane rat or cane cutter is the most preferred (Goffey, 1981). Cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) is a wild hystricomophic rodent widely distributed in the African sub-region and exploited in most areas as a source of animal protein (NRC, 1991). Being the most preferred and one of the most expensive meats in West Africa including Nigeria, Togo, Benin, Ghana and Cote d' Voire (Baptist and Mensah, 1998; Asibey and Addo, 2000), it constitutes to both local and export earning of most West Africa countries (NRC, 1991; Yeboah and Adamu, 1995). To alleviate this problem, attempts are being made in the sub-regional to domesticate the grass cutter (NRC, 1991; Addo, 2002) and make it more readily available, gain economic benefit and also reduce the environmental destruction that accompanies its collection from the wild.

Efficiently producing grass cutters in captivity demands that adequate nutrition is provided to ensure high productivity. However, grass cutter especially in the dry season poses a major challenge to produce in Nigeria.

Despite the role cane rat rearing plays in the livelihood of most Nigerians and the contribution to the daily protein intake, if continued, cane rat meat cause a source of food-borne illnesses especially under the condition in which animals are handled, slaughtered, transported and sold in Nigerian markets. Prescott, et al., (2002) shown that food items especially meat, are not only of high nutritional value to those who consume them but often are ideal culture media for microbial growth, meat is one of the most perishable foods, indicates composition is ideal for growth of a wide range of spoilages bacteria (Mayr, et al., 2003).

Mukhopadhyay et al., (2009) also reported that fresh raw meat like cane rat meat has been implicated for a number of meat borne infections and intoxications in several countries. This is because both pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms live in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of cane rat which can be transformed onto the meat under faulty and poor processing conditions.

The advocacy for domestication of cane rat becomes stronger as it accepts indoor housing with about 90% of animals acclimatizing to domestic housing within three months (Asibey and Addo, 2000), with the acceptability of the meat among Nigerians, regardless of their religious of faith and social status further underscores the importance of domesticating this animal.

Due to the insatiable demand for the cane rat meat, some people have resorted to use poisons as bait to catch wild cane rat and this poses a serious health threat.

The inadequate supply of animal protein in developing countries has been attributed to inadequate production and high cost of conventional sources of animals protein (poultry, goat, meat, beef, mutton and pork) and cane rat meat, hence, an average Nigerian consumes only about a quarter of his minimum daily protein requirement (Oke, et al., 2004). To this end there has been increase in the consumption of bush meat. This increase has bridged the supply and demand protein gap (Abulude, 2004).

1.1 Objectives of the Research

The objectives of this study are to:

  1. Determine the microbial status of fresh cane rat
  2. Determine the critical control points at which microbes are likely to contaminate the fresh cane rat along processing line.
  3. Isolate, identify and characterize the micro organisms present in the fresh cane rat during processing.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. A literature review includes the current knowledge as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It documents the state of the art with respect to the topic you are writing. It surveys the literature in the topic selected. In this research work the literature review includes the conceputal review, theoretical framework, the review of related literature …

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In preparation for defending a project or seminar on Microbial Evaluation in the Unit Operation of the Processing of Cane Rat, it is imperative that as a nursing student, you demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of your research. The defense process is structured to include presenting your work, answering questions, and illustrating its pertinence. Initially, provide a succinct yet thorough introduction to your research topic, emphasizing its importance and the objectives, ensuring that both the audience and the External Examiner can understand the scope of your study.


Prior to your defense, be thoroughly acquainted with your research abstract and the critical elements of Chapter One, including motivation for embarking on this research, problem statement, objectives, and significance. In Chapter Two, be ready to cite at least two references from the literature review. For Chapter Three, you should be equipped to discuss the methodologies, tools, and techniques utilized. In Chapter Four, defend your research by justifying the findings and linking them to your research objectives.


Conclude your defense by succinctly summarizing the study and offering insightful, evidence-based recommendations. A professional dress code, such as wearing a suit and tie, is vital to create a favorable impression and elevate your presentation.


During the question and answer segment, the External Examiner may pose questions pertaining to your research. If confronted with a challenging or irrelevant question, respond diplomatically with, “Sorry, Sir/Madam, the question asked is beyond the scope of my study.” Whenever possible, direct your answers back to your research findings to reinforce your expertise.


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