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Sythesis of Activated Carbon

Sythesis of Activated Carbon

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DEDICATION

This research material, titled “Sythesis of Activated Carbon” is dedicated to God for His boundless grace and guidance. It is also a tribute to all computer enthusiasts whose contributions made my research journey smoother and enriched my documentation process, making the experience truly fulfilling.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this project. I am especially grateful to my Supervisor (Name), the Head of Department (Name), and the Lecturers in the Department of Chemical Engineering for their invaluable guidance and support. I also acknowledge the contributions of authors and scholars whose works on Sythesis of Activated Carbon provided essential insights. Special thanks go to my study area (and any funding organizations, if applicable) for their financial assistance. I am equally thankful to stakeholders, including mentors, teachers, and colleagues, for their encouragement and support. Finally, I deeply appreciate my family and friends for their patience and unwavering support throughout this journey. Your contributions have been instrumental in making this research a reality.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES

CHAPTER ONE

  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Scope/ objective

CHAPTER TWO

  • 2.1 Historical origin of coal
  • 2.2 Historical development of activated carbon
  • 2.3 Formation of coal
  • 2.4 Classification of coal
  • 2.4a Bank
  • 2.4b Ultimate analysis
  • 2.4c Proximate analysis
  • 2.50 Properties of coal
  • 2.51 Physical properties of coal
  • 2.52 Chemical properties
  • 2.6 Uses of coal
  • 2.7 Activated process
  • 2.8 Coal activation process
  • 2.81 Chemical activation
  • 2.82 Coal classification
  • 2.83 Classification process
  • 2.84 Use at activated carbon
  • 2.9 Use at activated carbon

CHAPTER THREE

  • 3.0 Experimental process
  • 3.1 Equipment and apparatus used
  • 3.2 Material used
  • 3.3 Experimental
  • 3.3.1 Carbonization process
  • 3.3.2 Activation process
  • 3.4 Characterization of activated coal
  • 3.4.1 Determination of bulk density and porosity
  • 3.4.2 Save analysis
  • 3.5 Bleaching operation
  • 3.6 Characterization of oil sample (bleached)
  • 3.6.1 Iodine value (IV)
  • 3.6.2 Free fatty acid/acid value (A.V)
  • 3.6.3 Specification value
  • 3.6.4 Etherification value (S.V)
  • 3.6.5 Peroxide value (P.V)
  • 3.6.6 Specific gravity
  • 3.6.7 Determination of melting point of palm oil
  • 3.6.8 Determination of bolting point of palm oil

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Experimental
  • 4.1 Table 4.1 determination of density and porosity
  • 4.2 Table 4.2 sieve analysis table
  • 4.3 Table 4.3 spectranic reading of the unbleached oil
  • 4.4 Table 4.4 bleaching effect of activated coal
  • 4.4 Table 4.6 iodine value
  • 4.5 Table 4.7 specification value
  • 4.6 Table 4.8 acid value
  • 4.7 Table 4.9 peroxide value
  • 4.8 Concise table characterization of activated coal and bleached oil

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Discussion

CHAPTER SIX

  • Recommendation and conclusion

REFERENCES


ABSTRACT

This project was carried out using coal sample from Onyeama coal mine Enugu, Enugu State. Activated coal was produced by carbonizing the coal and activating it using phosphoric acid at a temperature of 5500c. The degree of bleaching of raw palm oil was monitored using spectronic meter through absorbance measurement. The essence was to identify suitability of the coal as a bleaching agent on palm oil. Comparison of the result obtained was made with the commercial fuller's earth.

From the result obtained that 0.45mm, 0.18mm and Further it was identified that the smaller the particle size of the activated coal, the higher the percentage colour reduction.

It was also observed that the temperature has a large effect on the bleaching of palm using coal. This percentage colour reduction increase as the temperature increases.

It could be conclude that coal is a poor absorber though if activated properly can used as a bleasching.


Sythesis of Activated Carbon

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Synthesis of coal activated carbon from coal involves the production of activates carbon from coal and the use of it as on adsorbent or adsorptive material which is used in bleaching processes.

An adsorptive material or adsorbent is this a solid which is able to adsorb a considerable amount of gas or liquid. The gas or liquid been adsorbed is referred to as the adsorbed. Adsorbed material may occur nature all or may be prepared synthetically.

The naturally occurring carbonados material such as coal, wood, coconut shell or bones are decomposed in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of about 500k. The product will not be porous so it will need additional treatment or activation to generate a system of fine pores. The carbon can be produced in the activated state by treating the raw material with chemical like zinc chloride or phosphoric acid before carbonizing.

Activated carbon has a surface area, typically of 106 m2/kg mostly associated with a set of pores about 2nm in diameter. Though there is likely to be another set of pores about 100nm in diameter, not contributing much the surface area.

Activated carbon may be used as a powder, in which from it is mixed in with the liquid to be treated, and then removed by filtration. It is also be used in granular form.

Hence by carefully choosing the starting material and the activated process it can be possible to generate in carbon a pore system with a narrow spore of pore size. This activated carbon can be synthesized from coal.

1.2 Scope / Objective

The scope/objective of this project word according to the topic “synthesis of coal activated carbon from Enugu using any available method of production, vertical, rotary, horizontal and fluidized bed method could be used in the production of the activated carbon from the coal.

It is also limited to the product of activated carbon in powdery form and by synthetic chemical process (using zinc chloride and phosphoric acid). Thus any of the above method could also be used for the carbonization any gasification processes.

The activated carbon produced can be used for dry-cleaning solvent in pharmaceuticals, sugar decolorizing drinking water purification and above all edible oil and fat refining.

…

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

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